Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effects on Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum Ptycanthum) and Soybean

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne M. Rich ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Rate Effects

Reducing seeding rates in 19- or 76-cm row soybean below the optimum rate may reduce soybean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soybean seeding rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN) in soybean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 d after planting (DAP), and was similar across soybean seeding rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soybean population or row spacing. Soybean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of seeding rate. Increasing the soybean seeding rate in 76-cm rows from 185,000 seeds/ha to 432,000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight threefold at East Lansing and nearly twofold at Clarksville in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soybean planted at 308,000 seeds/ha compared with 556,000 seeds/ha, whereas a seeding rate of 432,000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soybean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soybean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308,000 seeds/ha.

Response of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) to Low Rates of Imazethapyr and Metolachlor

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine I. Ward ◽  
Susan E. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Seed Viability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Almost All

Eastern black nightshade is a problem weed in soybeans primarily due to interference with harvesting operations and reductions in crop quality. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Harrow, Ontario, to determine whether sublethal rates of imazethapyr and metolachlor could suppress growth and berry production by eastern black nightshade. In the greenhouse, plants treated with metolachlor PRE at 0.8 kg ai ha−1or imazethapyr POST at 30 g ai ha−1(1/3 to 1/2 the labelled rates) produced significantly fewer berries in the first flower cluster, with fewer seeds per berry, than untreated plants. When a surfactant was added to the imazethapyr, almost all flower buds in the first cluster were aborted. Treated plants recovered from the damage, however, and did not differ significantly from control plants in dry weight or berry production 110 DAP. In the field, application of 50 g ai ha−1imazethapyr POST (2/3 of the lowest labelled rate), with or without a surfactant, resulted in delayed flowering, abortion of most of the flower buds in the first cluster, and greatly reduced growth and total berry production between soybean leaf abscision and harvest. Application of metolachlor + metribuzin PPI in the field at 2/3 of the labelled rate (1.6 + 0.25 kg ai ha−1) was not sufficient to reduce nightshade growth and berry production after soybean leaf abscision. Sublethal rates of imazethapyr and metolachlor did not reduce seed viability in either the greenhouse or the field.

Response of Selected Weed Species to Postemergence Imazethapyr and Bentazon

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy A. Bauer ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Imazethapyr and bentazon were applied with petroleum oil adjuvant in a factorial arrangement to weed species in greenhouse and field research to determine if postemergence weed control by imazethapyr was antagonized when bentazon was tank-mixed. Tank-mixing 840 g/ha of bentazon with 13 or 27 g/ha of imazethapyr increased redroot pigweed and eastern black nightshade dry weight as compared to Colby's expected values in the greenhouse. However, weed control was not reduced in field studies. Subsequent greenhouse studies indicated that soil interception and resulting root uptake of imazethapyr increased redroot pigweed control. Bentazon decreased foliar absorption of14C-imazethapyr by 15% and translocation of14C from the treated leaf by more than 50% compared tol4C-imazethapyr applied alone.

Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) Interference in Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances G. M. Perez ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Plant ◽  
Marketable Fruit

In replacement experiments in the greenhouse, plant relative yield (PRY) of both eastern black nightshade and tomato increased as the proportion of nightshade plants increased in the pots, indicating that nightshade is less competitive than tomato. In field studies tomato yield was reduced by two-thirds if three nightshade plants m–1of row were allowed to grow with tomato more than 6 weeks following tomato establishment The percent marketable fruit decreased linearly from 73% with no nightshade to 49% when nightshade were present for 12 weeks. When nightshade and tomato were transplanted together, tomato yield was 9000 kg ha–1and 49% of the fruit was marketable, while tomato yields were 30 000 kg ha–1and 70% of the fruit was marketable when nightshade was established 9 weeks after tomato planting.

Basis for Response Differences of Two Broadleaf Weeds to Chlorsulfuron

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry H. Hageman ◽  
Richard Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Primary Difference ◽  
Large Response

The basis for differences in response of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun.), a tolerant species, and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯3ABUTH), a susceptible species, to foliar-applied chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide} was investigated by evaluating differences in spray retention and herbicide absorption, translocation, and metabolism. Based upon a foliar-applied rate causing a 50% reduction in dry weight, velvetleaf was greater than 20000 times more susceptible to chlorsulfuron than was eastern black nightshade. The differences detected in spray retention, absorption, and translocation were inadequate to account for the large response differences between the two species. The primary difference found was in the rate of chlorsulfuron degradation. In eastern black nightshade, 69.9% of the absorbed chlorsulfuron was metabolized within 24 h of application and 81.1% within 72 h of application. Only 7.1% of absorbed chlorsulfuron was metabolized in velvetleaf in a 72-h period.

Germination and growth of Solanum ptycanthum and Solanum sarrachoides

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hermanutz ◽  
S. E. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Sarrachoides ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Germination And Growth

The distribution and abundance of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.) has been increasing relative to that of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum Dun.) in cultivated fields in southern Ontario. The germination and early growth of the two species were compared under controlled environmental conditions. Individual seeds of hairy nightshade weigh almost twice as much as those of eastern black nightshade. Time to 50% germination of seeds of hairy nightshade was faster over a range of temperatures, and total germination in the dark and at low temperature was greater compared to seeds of eastern black nightshade. Seedlings of hairy nightshade also grew faster than those of eastern black nightshade, having greater height, leaf number, and aboveground dry weight at 10 and 21 d after emergence in growth chambers at 28/20 and 22/14 °C. Individuals of hairy nightshade began to reproduce earlier with a consequent decrease in vegetative growth. By 35 d after emergence, leaf area and aboveground dry weight of seedlings of eastern black nightshade equalled or exceeded those of hairy nightshade. Differences between species were consistent for populations from two separate locations in Ontario. Key words: Germination, eastern black nightshade, hairy nightshade

Estimating Yield Losses of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Caused by Nightshade (Solanumspp.) Interference

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Weaver ◽  
Nancy Smits ◽  
Chin S. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Tomato Yield

Reductions in yields of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘H2653’ and ‘Earlirouge′) caused by interference from eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. # SOLPT) and hairy nighthsade (S. sarrachoidesSendt. # SOLSA) were estimated for transplanted and seeded tomatoes at two locations in southern Ontario. Tomato yield losses were significantly greater in seeded than in transplanted tomatoes. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rates of seeded tomatoes decreased more rapidly with increased nightshade density than did those of transplanted tomatoes. Percent yield losses also differed between sites. Seeded tomatoes grown at high density in twin rows (33 300 and 45 000 plants/ha) had higher yields and lower percent yield losses than did tomatoes grown at low density in single rows (12 500 to 22 500 plants/ha). Nightshade dry weight and seed production decreased per plant but increased per unit area with increasing nightshade density. Nightshade dry weights and seed production did not vary with site or method of tomato establishment. A hyperbolic model provided an excellent fit to data on both tomato yield losses and nightshade seed production as a function of nightshade density.

Characterization of Acifluorfen Tolerance in Selected Somaclones of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yeon Yu ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade

Acifluorfen tolerance in eastern black nightshade somaclones was characterized in two experiments. One experiment determined the involvement of absorption, translocation, and metabolism in acifluorfen tolerance. Less than 6% of the applied14C-acifluorfen was absorbed. There were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More14C-acifluorfen was translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones. The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while some somaclones (i.e., EBN-3A) metabolized14C-acifluorfen. A second experiment determined the tolerance of the somaclones to oxyfluorfen, diquat, and paraquat Most acifluorfen-tolerant somaclones were tolerant to oxyfluorfen but were susceptible to diquat and paraquat One somaclone, EBN-3A, was extremely tolerant to acifluorfen, paraquat, and diquat.

Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effects on Yield and Yield Components of Soft Red Winter Wheat 1

1985 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. S. M. Joseph ◽  
M. M. Alley ◽  
D. E. Brann ◽  
W. D. Gravelle
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Red Winter Wheat
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