Characterization of Acifluorfen Tolerance in Selected Somaclones of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yeon Yu ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade

Acifluorfen tolerance in eastern black nightshade somaclones was characterized in two experiments. One experiment determined the involvement of absorption, translocation, and metabolism in acifluorfen tolerance. Less than 6% of the applied14C-acifluorfen was absorbed. There were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More14C-acifluorfen was translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones. The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while some somaclones (i.e., EBN-3A) metabolized14C-acifluorfen. A second experiment determined the tolerance of the somaclones to oxyfluorfen, diquat, and paraquat Most acifluorfen-tolerant somaclones were tolerant to oxyfluorfen but were susceptible to diquat and paraquat One somaclone, EBN-3A, was extremely tolerant to acifluorfen, paraquat, and diquat.

Characterization of two biotypes of imidazolinone-resistant eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie D. Milliman ◽  
Dean E. Riechers ◽  
Loyd M. Wax ◽  
F. William Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade

Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effects on Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum Ptycanthum) and Soybean

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne M. Rich ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Rate Effects

Reducing seeding rates in 19- or 76-cm row soybean below the optimum rate may reduce soybean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soybean seeding rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN) in soybean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 d after planting (DAP), and was similar across soybean seeding rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soybean population or row spacing. Soybean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of seeding rate. Increasing the soybean seeding rate in 76-cm rows from 185,000 seeds/ha to 432,000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight threefold at East Lansing and nearly twofold at Clarksville in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soybean planted at 308,000 seeds/ha compared with 556,000 seeds/ha, whereas a seeding rate of 432,000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soybean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soybean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308,000 seeds/ha.

Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) reproduction and interference in transplanted plasticulture tomato

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana K. Buckelew ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
Greg D. Hoyt ◽  
Robert F. Walls
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade

scholarly journals Herbicide Tolerance Mechanisms in Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 577d-577
Author(s):  
Vamsgita Kolasani ◽  
John Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Paraquat Tolerance

Eastern black nightshade is one of the problematic weeds in vegetables and soybeans in the Midwest. It is representative of a rapidly growing complex of broadleaf weeds where herbicide resistance would be expected to occur. Eastern black nightshade calli lines that are resistant and susceptible to acifluorfen were maintained on the medium without the herbicide. After two years, these lines were tested for tolerance to acifluorfen and paraquat. Tolerance to acifluorfen was maintained in the previously selected lines. The lines were also cross tolerant to paraquat. Plants were regenerated from these calli lines and grown in the greenhouse. 14C-acifluorfen and 14C-paraquat uptake, translocation, and metabolism were studied.

scholarly journals The Effect of Weed-free Period and Nitrogen on Eastern Black Nightshade Competition with English Pea

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Croster ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Culture Study ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
N Fertility ◽  
N Rates

Studies established the critical period for eastern black nightshade (nightshade) (Solanum ptycanthum Dun.) competition in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and determined the effect of N fertility on pea and nightshade growth. In 1992, pea yields were most affected when nightshade was established at planting and remained for 4 or 6 weeks, while in 1993, competition for 6 weeks caused the greatest reduction in pea yields. In a sand culture study, pea biomass and N content were not affected by three N levels (2.1, 21, and 210 mg·L-1). Nightshade plants were five to six times larger in the highest N treatment than at lower N levels. Nitrogen content of nightshade was 0.76% at 2.1 ppm N and 3.22% at 210 ppm N. Choosing soils with low N levels or reducing the N rates used in pea may decrease nightshade interference and berry contamination of pea.

Response of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) to Low Rates of Imazethapyr and Metolachlor

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine I. Ward ◽  
Susan E. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Seed Viability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Almost All

Eastern black nightshade is a problem weed in soybeans primarily due to interference with harvesting operations and reductions in crop quality. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Harrow, Ontario, to determine whether sublethal rates of imazethapyr and metolachlor could suppress growth and berry production by eastern black nightshade. In the greenhouse, plants treated with metolachlor PRE at 0.8 kg ai ha−1or imazethapyr POST at 30 g ai ha−1(1/3 to 1/2 the labelled rates) produced significantly fewer berries in the first flower cluster, with fewer seeds per berry, than untreated plants. When a surfactant was added to the imazethapyr, almost all flower buds in the first cluster were aborted. Treated plants recovered from the damage, however, and did not differ significantly from control plants in dry weight or berry production 110 DAP. In the field, application of 50 g ai ha−1imazethapyr POST (2/3 of the lowest labelled rate), with or without a surfactant, resulted in delayed flowering, abortion of most of the flower buds in the first cluster, and greatly reduced growth and total berry production between soybean leaf abscision and harvest. Application of metolachlor + metribuzin PPI in the field at 2/3 of the labelled rate (1.6 + 0.25 kg ai ha−1) was not sufficient to reduce nightshade growth and berry production after soybean leaf abscision. Sublethal rates of imazethapyr and metolachlor did not reduce seed viability in either the greenhouse or the field.

Colletotrichum coccodes: A Pathogen of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Andersen ◽  
H. Lynn Walker
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Weedy Species

The fungusColletotrichum coccodes(Wallr.) Hughes was isolated from diseased plants of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. ♯ SOLPT) growing in the field. In greenhouse experiments, the isolate was highly pathogenic to eastern black nightshade and less so to seven other weedy species within the Solanaceae. No disease symptoms were observed on seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), or 10 other species inoculated with the isolate. Dew periods of 16 h or longer were required for maximum disease development. This requirement could limit the practical use of this pathogen as a my coherbicide.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Rimsulfuron in Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum), and Hairy Nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Ackley ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios ◽  
Henry P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Treated Leaf

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of rimsulfuron were studied in three solanaceous weeds. Eastern black nightshade is sensitive (> 95% injury), hairy nightshade is moderately sensitive (50 to 99% injury), and black nightshade is tolerant to rimsulfuron postemergence (POST). Seedlings at the four- to six-leaf stage were treated with foliar-applied14C-labeled rimsulfuron for 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after treatment. Absorption of rimsulfuron by all weeds increased with time. Black and eastern black nightshade absorbed comparable amounts of radioactivity at each exposure time. Hairy nightshade absorbed less radiolabeled herbicide than the other two nightshades at any treatment time. Hairy nightshade absorbed 54% of the applied radioactivity at 48 h, compared to 74% absorbed by the other weeds. Translocation of rimsulfuron out of the treated leaf was rapid in all species. Black and eastern black nightshade translocated 50 to 70% of the absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf with 40 to 50% moving to the upper foliage. In hairy nightshade, about 40% of the absorbed radioactivity translocated out of the treated leaf with equal amounts moving to the upper and lower foliage. Metabolism of14C-rimsulfuron was rapid in the three nightshades with approximately 54% remaining as rimsulfuron at 3 h after treatment. The levels of the detected metabolites of rimsulfuron were similar in the three nightshade weeds. Differential early uptake and translocation may account for the differential sensitivity of these nightshade species to rimsulfuron.

Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) Interference in Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances G. M. Perez ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Plant ◽  
Marketable Fruit

In replacement experiments in the greenhouse, plant relative yield (PRY) of both eastern black nightshade and tomato increased as the proportion of nightshade plants increased in the pots, indicating that nightshade is less competitive than tomato. In field studies tomato yield was reduced by two-thirds if three nightshade plants m–1of row were allowed to grow with tomato more than 6 weeks following tomato establishment The percent marketable fruit decreased linearly from 73% with no nightshade to 49% when nightshade were present for 12 weeks. When nightshade and tomato were transplanted together, tomato yield was 9000 kg ha–1and 49% of the fruit was marketable, while tomato yields were 30 000 kg ha–1and 70% of the fruit was marketable when nightshade was established 9 weeks after tomato planting.

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