Weed Management in a Legume-Cereal Cover Crop with the Rotary Hoe

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
Eric B. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Density And Biomass

Substantial weed growth often occurs in legume-cereal cover-crop mixes commonly grown on organic vegetable farms. A 2-yr study at the USDA-ARS in Salinas, CA, was conducted to test the effect of zero, one, and two passes with a rotary hoe on weed control in a mixed cover crop of 10% rye, 15% common vetch, 15% purple vetch, 25% peas, and 35% bell bean. Rotary hoeing occurred 14–15 days after planting (DAP) in the one-pass treatment, and 14 and 28 DAP in the two-pass treatment. Rotary hoeing did not affect total cover-crop density or biomass in either year, but reduced rye density and biomass in year 2. One pass reduced total weed density by 69% in year 1 and 49% in year 2. A second pass did not affect weed density in year 1 but reduced weed density an additional 33% in year 2. One pass decreased weed biomass in year 1, whereas two passes were required to reduce weed biomass in year 2. Rotary hoeing reduced seed shed by chickweed and shepherd's-purse seeds, the two predominant weed species, by 80 to 95% in both years. Rotary hoe efficacy depended on weather conditions directly before and after cultivation. The decision to repeat rotary hoeing should be based upon field scouting and weather conditions following the initial pass with the rotary hoe.

scholarly journals Cover Crop Termination Treatment Impacts Weed Suppression Potential

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. Haramoto ◽  
Robert Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Density And Biomass

AbstractWeed management in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) is accomplished primarily with soil-residual herbicides, cultivation, and hand removal. Management practices that reduce weed emergence, like reduced tillage and cover crop mulches, may improve weed management efficacy. Depending on cover-cropping goals, growers face trade-offs in species selection and management priorities—producing weed-suppressive mulches may lead to transplanting difficulties and soil-residual herbicide interception. Managing more complex cover crop mixtures may result in different challenges. We established on-farm trials across 4 site-years to study impacts of cover crop composition [wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) monoculture or mixture], termination treatment (early or late chemical termination or removing aboveground biomass), and soil-residual herbicides on weed density and biomass. The cover crop mixture contained cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.), with canola (Brassica napusL.) at 1 site-year. The mixture typically produced more biomass than monoculture wheat, although composition had few impacts on weed density or biomass. With residual herbicides, termination treatment had few impacts on weed density, suggesting that residues did not adversely affect herbicide efficacy. Without residual herbicides, early-season weed density was often higher following the late-terminated cover crop compared with other termination treatments, though midseason weed density was typically lower. When termination treatment affected final weed biomass, it was lower following late termination, with one exception—crop establishment was reduced at 1 site-year, leading to reduced weed–crop competition and greater weed biomass. Our results suggest that growers can use mixtures and, if well-timed to a rainfall event for incorporation, still effectively use soil-residual herbicides to maintain adequate weed control in tobacco regardless of how the cover crop is managed. Later termination, resulting in more residue, may lead to less weed biomass accumulation in the absence of herbicide use.

scholarly journals Rotation, Mulch and Zero Tillage Reduce Weeds in a Long-Term Conservation Agriculture Trial

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Simon Fonteyne ◽  
Ravi Gopal Singh ◽  
Bram Govaerts ◽  
Nele Verhulst
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Three Components

Weed management is one of the main challenges of conservation agriculture. Although all three components of conservation agriculture (minimal tillage, permanent soil cover and crop diversification) can reduce weed populations, these effects may only become apparent in the medium to long term. This study evaluated weed biomass, density and diversity with and without herbicide control in a long-term trial initiated in 1991 in the Mexican Highlands to evaluate all three components of conservation agriculture. Data were collected in 2004, 2005, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Weed density and biomass were generally lower in conservation agriculture than with conventional tillage. The three components of conservation agriculture significantly reduced weed biomass, which was lower when all three components were applied together. When herbicides were applied, weed biomass in conservation agriculture was 91% lower in maize and 81% lower in wheat than in conventional tillage. Different treatments favored different weed species, but no trend toward increased perennial weeds was observed in conservation agriculture. These data supported claims stating that if adequate weed control is achieved in the initial years, weed populations in conservation agriculture systems are lower than in conventional tillage systems.

scholarly journals Influence of crop rotation and meteorological conditons on density and biomass of weeds in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Magdalena Jastrzębska ◽  
Marta K. Kostrzewska
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Density And Biomass

The paper presents the analysis of changes in weed infestation in spring barley cultivated in the years 1990-2004 in crop rotation with a 25% proportion of this cereal (potato - spring barley - sowing peas - winter triticale), when it was grown after potato, and in crop rotation with its 75% proportion (potato - spring barley - spring barley - spring barley), when it was grown once or twice after spring barley. In the experiment, no weed control was applied. Every year in the spring (at full emergence of the cereal) and before the harvest, the composition of weed species and weed density of particular weed species were determined, and before the harvest also their biomass. Weed density increased linearly on all plots during the 15-year period. The average values confirm the increase in weed biomass in the case when spring barley was grown once or twice after this crop; however, those differences were influenced by the previous situation only during some seasons. Weed density and biomass showed high year-to-year variability and a positive correlation with the amount of precipitation and a negative correlation with temperature during the period of the study. A negative correlation between the yield of barley and weed biomass was shown.

No-till snap bean performance and weed response following rye and vetch cover crops

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick A. Boydston ◽  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
No Till ◽  
Density And Biomass

AbstractFall-planted cover crops offer many benefits including weed suppressive residues in spring sown crops when controlled and left on the soil surface. However, vegetable growers have been slow to adopt direct-seeding (no-till) into cover crop residues. Field studies were conducted in 2009 and 2010 near Paterson, WA and Urbana, IL to evaluate mortality of rye and common vetch (WA) hairy vetch (IL) cover crops, weed density and biomass, and snap bean growth and yield following four cover crop control methods utilizing a roller–crimper. Rye had higher mortality than common and hairy vetch by roller-crimping, and carfentrazone applied after roller crimping only slightly increased vetch mortality. Heavy residues of rye and escaped vetch were difficult to plant into, often resulting in lower snap bean populations. Rye and hairy vetch residues suppressed final weed biomass, while common vetch reduced weed biomass 1 of 2 years. Escaped plants of both vetch species became a weed. Snap bean yields were inconsistent and often lower following cover crops compared with a fallow treatment. Being able to completely control cover crops and to plant, manage escaped weeds and mechanically harvest in the presence of heavy residues are challenges that deter vegetable growers from readily adopting these systems.

scholarly journals Herbicide based weed management in aromatic rice of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
AKM Mominul Islam ◽  
Md Azhiat-Ul Huq Hia ◽  
Shubroto Kumar Sarkar ◽  
Md Parvez Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Free Treatment ◽  
Manual Weeding ◽  
Density And Biomass

Selection of appropriate weed management strategy helps reduce rice yield loss due to weeds. Despite some undesirable side-effects, no viable alternative is currently available to shift the chemical weed management in rice. However, time of herbicide application is very important with respect to its efficacy. Keeping in mind the inevitability of herbicidal weed control, the current study was designed to evaluate the response of selected aromatic fine rice varieties of Bangladesh to different herbicides based weed management practices compare to farmers’ practices. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of five aromatic rice varieties; Kalijira, BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan37, BRRI dhan38 and Binadhan-13, and six different weed management practices comprising no weeding, weed free, mechanical + manual weeding, pre–emergence herbicide + manual weeding, post–emergence herbicide + manual weeding and pre– + post–emergence herbicide. Eleven weed species belonging to five families were observed in the experimental plots. Based on the summed dominance ratio (SDR), grassy weed species Echinochloa crusgalli (SDR of 30.7) was the most dominant species, whereas broadleaf weed Nymphaea nouchali (SDR of 0.83) was the least one. Among the weed control treatments, application of pre–+ post emergence herbicides offered the highest reduction in weed density and biomass at all sampling dates which resulted in minimum crop-weed competition facilitating improvement in the yield contributing characters and finally resulted in the highest grain yield (2.5 t ha−1) and harvest index (30.7%) next to the weed free treatment. The variety BRRI dhan38 gave the highest grain yield (3.4 t ha−1) due to the highest performance of the yield contributing characters among the varieties. In interaction, BRRI dhan38 with pre–+ post–emergence herbicide application gave the highest yield (3.4 t ha−1) apart from the weed free treatment. Being efficient in weed density and biomass reduction as well as the highest yield producer, sequential application of pre–and post–emergence herbicides may be recommended for effective weed management practices in BRRI dhan38J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 31-40, April 2018

scholarly journals Economic evaluation of different strategy for weed management in garlic production

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-454
Author(s):  
Edita Štefanić ◽  
Đorđe Maletić ◽  
Dinko Zima ◽  
Ivan Štefanić
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate various weed management options on garlic (Alium sativum L.) production in Northeastern Croatia. This study focus on how different strategies of weed control affects weed community composition and economic benefit of weed management. An experiment was arranged as a complete block design with three different weed management strategies: chemical control (PRE EM and POST EM), mechanical control (three times during the season), and combination of chemical and mechanical treatments, together with weeded checks. Data on weed density, fresh above weed biomass and garlic yield per m2 were collected at the end of the growing season, and were subjected to statistical and economic analysis. The mayor weeds found in the experimental plots were: Sorghum halepense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cirsium arvense and Chenopodium album. The various weed growth (density and biomass) and yield varied with application of weed management practices. Significantly lower values of weed density and fresh above weed biomass were recorded on plots with mechanical and combination of chemical and mechanical treatments compared to weeded check. Chemical application gave in this study insufficient weed control and resulted in lower yields compared to the mechanical treatments and combination of mechanical and mechanical weed control. The best cost: benefit ratio was observed on treatment with combination of chemical and mechanical weed control and can be successfully applied to boost up the bulb yield in garlic and to harvest the maximum profit for farmers.

Impact of Weed Management Practices on Grapevine Growth and Yield Components

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo P. Sanguankeo ◽  
Ramon G. Leon ◽  
Julian Malone
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Grape Yield

The need for reducing costs and making grape production more sustainable has prompted the search for alternative weed control practices that optimize production while maintaining profits. For this reason, it is imperative to understand how different weed management practices modify vine–weed interactions. In the present study, we evaluated the effect on weed growth and Zinfandel grapevine growth and production of five weed control practices: (1) flumioxazin, (2) simazine, (3) cultivation, (4) cover crop, and (5) untreated control. The herbicide treatments had the lowest weed biomass, followed by the cultivation, being approximately 10 and 2 times lower than the weed biomass of either the cover crop or untreated control treatments, respectively. However, the differences in grape yield were not as evident. In 2006, a rainy year, the herbicides and cultivation treatments did not differ in grape yield, but the cover crop and untreated control had a reduction of approximately 20% compared with the other treatments. In 2007, a dry year, in comparison to the herbicide treatments, the grape yield reductions of cultivation were around 22%, and those of the cover crop and untreated control were around 48%. Although the cover crop reduced grape yield, it suppressed weed species considered important, such as horseweed, panicle willowherb, scarlet pimpernel, and sowthistle. Also, it was concluded that vines can tolerate a certain amount of weed competition, and that properly timed postemergence control actions (e.g., cultivation or POST herbicides) could provide the necessary level of control to obtain the desired yields. However, under limited soil moisture conditions, the use of PRE herbicides could prove important to maintain vine yield and vigor.

Computerised decision support systems: Aids to rational and sustainable weed management

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Crop Density

Computerised decision support systems offer an ideal means of achieving economical, environmentally safe, and sustainable weed management. Systems based on weed economic threshold concepts have been developed in the United States and Europe. In several of these, weed density is the sole variable used for estimating crop yield losses due to weeds. In Canada, there have been few attempts to develop computerised decision support systems to facilitate rational weed management. A notable exception is a microcomputer program developed by the Manitoba Department of Agriculture for assessing the economics of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in cereal and oilseed crops. A relative time of emergence variable is a crucial component of the program There is a need to develop a more comprehensive system for managing multiple weed species in a range of crops grown in Canada. For reliable recommendations to be made, input requirements for the system should include information on the relative time of emergence of the crop and weed, crop density, environmental factors and method of fertilizer application, as well as weed density. In terms of output, the system should indicate realistic weed monitoring procedures, and the long-term bioeconomic implications of seed production by uncontrolled weeds. Key words: Bioeconomic models, weed economic thresholds, decision support systems, rational weed management

Influence of a Rye Cover Crop on the Critical Period for Weed Control in Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 346-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Korres ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Weed Removal

Cover crops are becoming increasingly common in cotton as a result of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth; hence, a field experiment was conducted in 2009 and 2010 in Marianna, AR, with a rye cover crop used to determine its effects on the critical period for weed control in cotton. Throughout most of the growing season, weed biomass in the presence of a rye cover crop was lesser than that in the absence of a rye cover crop. In 2009, in weeks 2 through 7 after planting, weed biomass was reduced at least twofold in the presence of a rye cover compared with the absence of rye. In 2009, in both presence and absence of a rye cover crop, weed removal needed to begin before weed biomass was 150 g m−2, or approximately 4 wk after planting, to prevent yield loss > 5%. Weed density was less in 2010 than in 2009, so weed removal was not required until 7 wk after planting, at which point weed biomass values were 175 and 385 g m−2in the presence and absence of a cover crop, respectively.

Strategies to terminate summer cover crops for weed management in no-tillage vegetable production in southeast Brazil

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco ◽  
Fernando de Carvalho ◽  
João Paulo de Oliveira ◽  
Pedro Luis da Costa Alves
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Sunn Hemp

Abstract Cover crop residue left on the soil surface as organic mulch in no-tillage crop production provides several environmental benefits, including weed suppression. Thus, many farmers who use cover crops attempt to reduce the use of agricultural inputs, especially herbicides. Therefore, our objectives were to study the potential of different cover crop species to suppress weeds and produce an in situ organic mulch, and evaluate the effect of the organic mulch with and without spraying glyphosate on weed suppression for vegetable (tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) growth and yield. Five cover crop treatments (sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.], pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor] and a no-cover crop (control)) were used in the main plots; and spraying or no spraying glyphosate on the flattened cover crop in the sub plots of split-plot experimental design. Organic mulch from pearl millet, sorghum and sunn hemp resulted in lower weed biomass during the early season of both tomato and broccoli than jack bean and no-cover crop (control). Spraying glyphosate after roller crimping reduced weed biomass by 103 g m−2 and 20 g m−2 by 45 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) of tomato, respectively and resulted in a better tomato yield compared to non spraying. Glyphosate reduced weed biomass by 110 g m−2 in the early season of broccoli (30 DAT), but did not affect yield. Terminating high biomass cover crops with a roller crimper is a promising technique for weed management in vegetable crops, which has the potential to reduce or even eliminate the need for herbicide.

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