scholarly journals VOLUME FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT IN VERTICAL OIL-IN-WATER PIPE FLOW USING ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY AND A LOCAL PROBE

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Li ◽  
Mi Wang ◽  
Ying-Xiang Wu ◽  
Gary Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Flow Rate Measurement ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Oil In Water

Traceable Flow Rate Measurements With a Very Low Uncertainty Using Laser Doppler Anemometry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Juling ◽  
Jonas Steinbock ◽  
Andreas Weissenbrunner
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Laser Doppler Anemometry ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate Measurement

Precise volume flow rate measurements are very important for various industrial applications. Here, one problem is that the service conditions of a flow meter used in the field differ significantly from the conditions present during calibration. The working conditions such as the pressure, the temperature and the flow profile greatly increase the uncertainty of the flow rate measurement. To address this problem, a new laser-optical flow rate standard (LFS) was developed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) that allows flow meters to be calibrated on site, thus greatly reducing the uncertainty of the flow rate measurement. For the LFS, the velocity profile within the pipe is measured with laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). The profile is then integrated to calculate the volume flow rate. Various improvements to LDA have made it possible to measure the flow rate with an uncertainty of less than 0.15 % (k = 2). A comparison of the LFS with the primary standard for thermal energy at PTB, which has an uncertainty of less than 0.04 % (k = 2), revealed a maximum deviation of 0.07 % for Reynolds numbers from 105 to 106, thus verifying the uncertainty of the LFS.

scholarly journals High accuracy volume flow rate measurement using vortex counting

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zaaraoui ◽  
F. Ravelet ◽  
F. Margnat ◽  
S. Khelladi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate Measurement

Flow rate measurement in a pipe flow by vortex shedding

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reik ◽  
R. Höcker ◽  
C. Bruzzese ◽  
M. Hollmach ◽  
O. Koudal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Vortex Shedding ◽  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate Measurement

C212 A Study of Pipe Flow Rate Measurement Using Air-coupled Ultrasound

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013.18 (0) ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
Keisuke TSUKADA ◽  
Nobuyoshi TSUZUKI ◽  
Hiroshige KIKURA
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate Measurement

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Analyses on Mixing Uniformity of Water and Saline in Pipe Flow

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2281
Author(s):  
Bin Sun ◽  
Yuanbo Lu ◽  
Quan Liu ◽  
Hongyuan Fang ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Mixing Length ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd

Liquid—liquid mixing is commonly observed in many applications such as the chlorination of water supplies and the agricultural fertigation. In order to study the mixing law of water-chlorine or water-fertilizer in a turbulent pipeline, saline was selected as a tracer injected into the pipeline. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was employed to study flow fields in water-saline pipelines. Four variates (mixing ratio δ, pipe diameter D, volume flow rate in the main pipe Q, saline density ρs) were considered to investigate the effects of multiple variates on mixing uniformity. The coefficient of variation (COV) was selected as the evaluation index of mixing uniformity, effective mixing length (LEML, the distance from the saline inlet to the fully mixed position) was chosen to quantitatively analyze the fully mixed position of water and saline in pipelines. The results of this numerical model agree well with experimental measurements and it shows that this model can effectively predict the concentration field of water and saline in the pipeline. Based on the experimental and simulated results, it was found that for the fixed mixing ratio, saline density and volume flow rate, the values of LEML increased significantly with increasing pipe diameters. Furthermore, dimensional analysis (D-A) was adopted to examine the influences of the four variates on LEML, and their correlation coefficient of the curve-fitting equation was calculated to be 0.996.

Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
Joe A. Mascorro ◽  
Gerald S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Base Resin ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

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