Water Leakage Detection System Using Arduino

Clean water is a scarce resource for the human life and is subject to wastage due to leakage of the distribution pipes in large cities. Water pipe leakage is a big problem around the world of which most of the water distribution authorities faces difficulties to detect the location of the fault. This problem of leakage can be caused by several factors such as breakage of the pipelines due to aging or ongoing constructions in urban cities like Dar es salaam, consequently due to that case, the distribution authorities face hardship to identify the cause and enable them to take action. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop an IoT-based system for water leakage detection. The prototype was developed comprising two sensors embedded at the source and destination points to measure the flow rate of water. The result indicated that the volume of water generated at the start point can be compared with the other end to determine if there is any leakage. A greater focus on distance calculation could produce interesting findings that account for more research on IoT monitoring systems.

A Study on Strengthening Standards for Fire Prevention of Anti-freeze Electric Heating Cable

As per the fire statistics survey of 2019, 56.5% (152 cases) of the entire fire accidents (269 cases) caused by heating cables were due to electrical factors. Therefore, in the present work, the electrical factors responsible for heating cable fire have been analyzed, and fire prevention measures have been demonstrated through related reproduction experiments. According to heating cable fire statistics, the fire in anti-freezing appliances (heating cables), except for fires caused by electric cable arcing and other unknown factors, can be classified into four types based on installation configurations. These configurations have been classified and tested according to the Technical Regulations for Electrical and Telecommunications Products and Components (K 10013). The results of a comparative experiment on anti-freezing appliances (heating cable) revealed that the configuration “a type of water pipe with a heating cable wrapped around the water pipe and insulation on the outside” showed the highest temperature among the four installation arrangements. Additionally, the maximum difference between the test temperature (K 10013) and the actual temperature was 40 ℃.

A Brief Review on Radiant Cooling Panel with Different Chilled Water Pipe Configurations

Radiant cooling systems are commonly applied in commercial applications because of their energy-saving potential. This potential can be further enhanced by evaluating the cooling performance of the radiant cooling panel in terms of flow configurations. Although studies have been conducted on the flow configurations of the radiant cooling panel, the most suitable flow configurations have yet to be determined. The conventional serpentine flow configuration does not bring out the best cooling performance of the radiant cooling panel, therefore different flow configurations are still needed to be explored. This study conducted a quick literature review on the different radiant cooling systems as well as radiant cooling panel with different chilled water pipe configurations. The objective of this review is to provide a brief comparison of the performance of radiant cooling panel with different chilled water pipe configurations and to suggest further studies for the system development. The cooling characteristics and heat transfer of the panel are investigated by using numerical study. A comparison between the designs of flow configurations is presented. In all of the cases, the plate area and flow volume are fixed. Based on the findings obtained, applying a different chilled water pipe configuration on the radiant cooling panel will affect the flow uniformity and also the temperature distribution uniformity. An optimized flow configurations for the radiant cooling panel is important for enhancing the overall efficiency of the system.

Effect of Water-Pipe Smoking on the Normal Development of Zebrafish

Background: Among all types of tobacco consumption, Water-Pipe Smoking (WPS) is the most widely used in the Middle East and second-most in several other countries. The effect of WPS on normal development is not yet fully understood, thus the aim of this study is to explore the acute toxicity effects of WPS extract on zebrafish larvae. Methods: In this study, we compared the effects of WPS smoke condensates at concentrations varying from 50 to 200 µg/mL on developmental, cardiac, and behavioural (neurotoxicity) functions. Gene expression patterns of cardiac biomarkers were also evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results: Exposing zebrafish embryos to 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/mL WPS for three days did not affect the normal morphology of Zebrafish embryos, as the tail flicking, behavioural and locomotion assays did not show any change. However, WPS deregulated cardiac markers including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP/NPPA) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP/NPPB). Furthermore, it induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that WPS can significantly affect specific cardiac parameters during the normal development of zebrafish. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathogenic outcome of WPS on different aspects of human life, including pregnancy.