Endocranial petrosal anatomy of Bothriogenys (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae), and petrosal volume and density comparisons among aquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls and outgroups

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen A. O'Leary ◽  
Biren A. Patel ◽  
Mark N. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Extant Taxon ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Tegmen Tympani ◽  
Hippopotamus Amphibius

We provide the first detailed endocranial description of the petrosal bone of the ear region of the anthracotheriid artiodactyl Bothriogenys, based on two new specimens from the early Oligocene of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. The new fossils have petrosals with a hyperinflated (pachyostotic) tegmen tympani (the roof over the middle ear), resembling the condition in certain cetancodontans such as hippopotamids and basal cetaceamorphans (fossil stem taxa to extant Cetacea).The morphology of the petrosal, particularly its relative size and density, has been considered an important indicator of the ability of a marine mammal to localize sound transmitted in water, yet petrosal size (pachyostosis) and density (osteosclerosis) have not previously been quantified independent of each other. We examine the new fossils in the context of a preliminary CT-based study of petrosal density (extant taxa only) and petrosal volume (extant and extinct taxa) in a sample of artiodactyls and outgroups. In our extant comparative sample, the petrosals of cetaceans are both dense and voluminous as has been previously stated. We find, however, that the tegmen tympani is relatively voluminous (pachyostotic) without being particularly dense (osteosclerotic) in Hippopotamus amphibius, an extant taxon that has been documented to show some aquatic hearing behaviors, albeit less derived ones than those seen in cetaceans. A voluminous tegmen tympani, which is present in Bothriogenys, may have specific implications for behavior that are distinct from increases in petrosal density.

The relationship between forelimb morphology and behaviour in North American carnivores (Carnivora)

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1064-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew N Iwaniuk ◽  
Sergio M Pellis ◽  
Ian Q Whishaw
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Independent Contrasts ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Olecranon Process ◽  
The Relationship

We tested the validity of previously described relationships between forelimb structure and behaviour in mammals by measuring the forelimbs of 22 species of North American carnivores. Nine ratios were calculated from these measurements and made independent of the effects of allometry and phylogeny through the use of log-transformed regressions and independent contrasts analysis. The ratios were then directly compared with two behavioural traits: arboreal locomotion and vertebrate predation. Only five of the nine ratios exhibited a significant relationship with arboreal locomotion and three with vertebrate predation. It was concluded that the brachial index, relative size of the olecranon process, and total forelimb robusticity may be reliable predictors of arboreal locomotion, and that the brachial index, relative size of the olecranon process, and radial robusticity may be accurate predictors of vertebrate predation. The data also suggest that the morphology of the lower forelimb may be an important indicator of prey-capture and feeding behaviour in carnivores and could be used in conjunction with craniodental variables to extrapolate predatory behaviour of extinct species.

Pneumocephalus as a delayed mastoidectomy complication

2007 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Jégoux ◽  
B Godey ◽  
L Riffaud ◽  
X Morandi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Middle Ear Surgery ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Tegmen Tympani

We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who presented with a spontaneous pneumocephalus, 37 years after a mastoidectomy. Clinical examination showed a cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningeal herniation in the superior part of the middle ear, and an audible noise from her ear when she stood up due to the entrance of air into the cranium. A computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed the complete destruction of the tegmen tympani and the pneumocephalus in the temporal lobe. The patient underwent an emergency operation via a double middle-ear and subtemporal approach. The meningoencephalocoele and pneumocephalus were probably due to long term pressure upon too thin a tegmen tympani.Pneumocephalus should be considered as a potential delayed post-operative complication of middle-ear surgery. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanning supply accurate information and enable a planned surgical approach; they also allow a pathophysiological understanding and a correlation between the clinical signs and the radiological and peri-operative findings.

scholarly journals Tegmen Tympani Defect and Brain Herniation Secondary to Mastoid Surgery: Case Presentation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Oguz Kadir Egilmez ◽  
Fatih Mehmet Hanege ◽  
M. Tayyar Kalcioglu ◽  
Tuncay Kaner ◽  
Numan Kokten
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Brain Herniation ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Tegmen Tympani ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Mastoid Surgery

Brain herniation into the middle ear is very rarely seen. In addition to reasons like congenital factors, trauma, and infection, tegmen defect may develop as a result of iatrogenic events secondary to chronic otitis media surgery with or without cholesteatoma. Since it may cause life-threatening complications, patients must be evaluated and monitored for tegmen defect. In this paper, diagnosis and treatment of a brain herniation case due to iatrogenic tegmen defect were described along with relevant literature.

scholarly journals Closure of the middle ear with special reference to the development of the tegmen tympani of the temporal bone

2011 ◽  
Vol 218 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez ◽  
Gen Murakami ◽  
Samuel Verdugo-López ◽  
Shin-ichi Abe ◽  
Mineko Fujimiya
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Tegmen Tympani

scholarly journals Concurrent chemoradiation in locally advanced primary middle ear lymphoepithelial carcinoma: an effective treatment modality case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Yuan Fong ◽  
Tiong Yong Tan ◽  
Kimberley Liqin Kiong
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Concurrent Chemoradiation ◽  
Oncologic Outcomes ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma ◽  
Surgical Morbidity ◽  
Tegmen Tympani ◽  
Left Middle

Abstract Background Definitive treatment of primary middle ear lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) is not well established owing to the rarity of this disease entity. We report a case of locally advanced primary middle ear LEC treated with concurrent chemoradiation, with good oncologic outcomes. Case presentation A 46 year-old female of Cantonese (Southern Chinese) descent presented with a four-month history of left sided hearing loss and non-pulsatile tinnitus, associated with progressive ipsilateral facial weakness. She had a left facial palsy (House-Brackmann 2) which then deteriorated to complete palsy over 2 weeks. Otoscopic examination of the left ear revealed a red-hued mass replacing the tympanic membrane. There was no cervical lymphadenopathy. Fibreoptic nasoendoscopy was unremarkable. Pure tone audiometry revealed profound mixed left hearing loss with type B impedance. Computed tomography of the temporal bone showed an ill-defined left middle ear mass with erosion of the malleus, tegmen tympani and facial canal. Magnetic Resonance Imaging showed an avidly enhancing lesion involving the dura of the left middle cranial fossa, tympanic and labyrinthine portions of the facial nerve. This mass extended into the apex of the left internal acoustic canal and basal turn of the cochlea. Histopathology confirmed EBV-positive primary middle ear LEC. Concurrent chemoradiation comprising 70Gy of intensity-modulated radiation therapy and 3 cycles of concurrent Cisplatin based chemotherapy over a 6 week period was administered. The patient achieved near-complete disease resolution on 3 month post-treatment imaging. Serum EBV DNA titres declined to undetectable levels and the patient is disease-free at 18 months post-diagnosis. Discussion and conclusion Concurrent chemoradiation with curative intent may be a viable treatment option for locally advanced middle ear LEC not amenable to surgical resection due to expected surgical morbidity. It confers good oncologic outcomes that mimic the response in other head and neck EBV-related lymphoepithelial carcinomas.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the Nasal and Auditory Regions of the Fossil Lagomorph Palaeolagus haydeni: Systematic and Evolutionary Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Ruf ◽  
Jin Meng ◽  
Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
North American ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
3D Reconstructions ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages

Palaeolagus, a late Eocene to early Miocene North American lagomorph genus, represented by numerous and well-preserved specimens, has been long considered a basal leporid, although it is currently understood as a stem lagomorph. Based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) data and 3D reconstructions, here we present the first description of intracranial structures of the nasal and auditory regions of a complete skull of Palaeolagus haydeni from the early Oligocene of Nebraska. Although Palaeolagus haydeni shows a puzzling mixture of extant leporid and ochotonid characters, it helps to polarize and re-evaluate already known lagomorph intracranial characters based on outgroup comparison with Rodentia and Scandentia. Common derived features of Palaeolagus haydeni and extant Lagomorpha are the dendritic maxilloturbinal and the excavated nasoturbinal that contacts the lamina semicircularis. Generally, Palaeolagus haydeni and Leporidae have several characters in common, some of which are certainly plesiomorphic (e.g., thin wall of bulla tympani and flat conic cochlea). Palaeolagus haydeni resembles Leporidae in having an interturbinal between the two frontoturbinals, and three ethmoturbinals plus one interturbinal between ethmoturbinal I and II. Now, this should also be regarded as a plesiomorphic grundplan pattern for Leporidae whereas ochotonids are derived from the lagomorph grundplan as concerns the number of frontoturbinals. Concerning the middle ear, Palaeolagus haydeni significantly contributes to the polarization of the anterior anchoring of the malleus in extant lagomorphs. Palaeolagus haydeni resembles the pattern observed in early ontogenetic stages of Ochotonidae, i.e., the attachment of the malleus to the ectotympanic via a short processus anterior. The patterns in adult ochotonids and leporids now can be regarded as two different and apomorphic character states. Autapomorphic characters of Palaeolagus haydeni are the reduced frontoturbinal 2 and the additional anterolaterally oriented process of the lamina semicircularis. Interestingly, among the investigated intracranial structures the loss of the secondary crus commune is the only apomorphic grundplan character of crown Lagomorpha.

scholarly journals Spontaneous encephaloceles of the temporal lobe

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. E11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua J. Wind ◽  
Anthony J. Caputy ◽  
Fabio Roberti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Middle Cranial Fossa ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Endoscopic Techniques ◽  
Tegmen Tympani ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Dural Defects

Encephaloceles are pathological herniations of brain parenchyma through congenital or acquired osseus-dural defects of the skull base or cranial vault. Although encephaloceles are known as rare conditions, several surgical reports and clinical series focusing on spontaneous encephaloceles of the temporal lobe may be found in the otological, maxillofacial, radiological, and neurosurgical literature. A variety of symptoms such as occult or symptomatic CSF fistulas, recurrent meningitis, middle ear effusions or infections, conductive hearing loss, and medically intractable epilepsy have been described in patients harboring spontaneous encephaloceles of middle cranial fossa origin. Both open procedures and endoscopic techniques have been advocated for the treatment of such conditions. The authors discuss the pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment, and therapeutic management of spontaneous temporal lobe encephaloceles. Although diagnosis and treatment may differ on a case-by-case basis, review of the available literature suggests that spontaneous encephaloceles of middle cranial fossa origin are a more common pathology than previously believed. In particular, spontaneous cases of posteroinferior encephaloceles involving the tegmen tympani and the middle ear have been very well described in the medical literature.

Tegmental dehiscence and brain herniation into the middle ear cleft

1991 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 477-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Golding-Wood ◽  
H. O. L. Williams ◽  
G. B. Brookes
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Conductive Hearing Loss ◽  
Middle Ear Effusion ◽  
Sepsis Diagnosis ◽  
Tegmen Tympani ◽  
Conductive Hearing ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft ◽  
Ear Effusion

AbstractThe tegmen tympani may occasionally be breached by herniation of the temporal lobe with or without dural cover. The clinical presentation may be obvious with CSF otorrhoea but less so with apparent middle ear effusion, CSF rhinnorrhoea, conductive hearing loss, recurrrent meningitis or intracranial sepsis. Diagnosis requires suspicion of the condition, which may be aided by radiological imaging. Surgical repair is to be recommended: various techniques are available but bone enveloped by fascia placed by subtemporal approach is preferred. The features of this problem are highlighted by four cases.

scholarly journals Mastoiditis and Tegmen Tympani Defect Leading to Intracranial Abscess with Actinomyces odontolyticus

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Omar S. Akbik ◽  
Omar S. Akbik ◽  
M. Gabriela Cabanilla ◽  
Bradley P. Pickett ◽  
Christian B. Ricks
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Middle Cranial Fossa ◽  
Cerebral Abscess ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Left Temporal Lobe ◽  
Tegmen Tympani ◽  
Cranial Fossa

Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) actinomycosis typically presents from the local spread of infection via the ear, sinus, or cervicofacial region, resulting most commonly in abscesses. Only one other case report reports on cerebral abscess with Actinomyces odontolyticus. Presentation of Case: A 60-year-old male presented with cognitive impairment and speech difficulties. Imaging revealed a cerebral abscess in the left temporal lobe causing significant mass effect and uncal herniation. Bony erosion was noted along the middle cranial fossa with fluid attenuation of the middle ear and mastoid. An emergent surgery was performed with neurosurgery and otolaryngology. Initially, a left craniotomy was performed in order to obtain access to the left temporal lobe. A vascularized flap was harvested from the fascia of the temporalis in order to repair any defects along the middle cranial fossa. The abscess was drained using ultrasound guidance. A mastoidectomy was then performed for source control. Cultures revealed Actinomyces odontolyticus for which intravenous antibiotics were administered. The patient developed postoperative seizures requiring monitoring and anti-epileptic medication. Follow-up revealed continued improvement in the patient’s cognition. Discussion: Cerebral abscess in the temporal lobe along the floor of the middle cranial fossa can be due to direct extension of infection from the middle ear or mastoid which requires a multidisciplinary approach to surgical treatment. Actinomycosis is a rare pathogen for CNS infection with only one other case report of CNS Actinomyces odontolyticus. Postoperative care in regards to antibiotic treatment and follow-up are also reviewed. Conclusion: The case highlights the urgency of treatment and surgical decision making made intraoperatively by both neurosurgery and otolaryngology in regards to drainage, repair of the defect, and treatment of infectious source.

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