The corticotrophic cells of the canine pituitary gland in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. McNicol ◽  
H. Thomson ◽  
C. J. R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Single Entity ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Corticotrophic Cells

The distribution of specifically stained corticotrophic cells has been studied in the pituitary glands of 11 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The results suggest that the disease is not a single entity, and that some cases are caused by primary abnormality of the pituitary gland whereas others appear to be the result of dysfunction of the hypothalamus or central nervous system. The patterns correspond closely to those demonstrated in the human pituitary gland in Cushing's disease, and confirm that the canine disease is a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis of the variants of the condition.

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

Membranous Layers of the Pituitary Gland: Histological Anatomic Study and Related Clinical Issues

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. ONS1-ONS10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Songtao ◽  
Lu Yuntao ◽  
Pan Jun ◽  
Huang Chuanping ◽  
Shi Xiaofeng
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Fibrous Layer ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Glands

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the membranous layers of the human pituitary gland and their relationships with invasive adenomas. Methods: Histological and microdissection techniques were used to study 8 fetal and 10 adult human cadavers, respectively. The distribution of the membranous layers was observed, and their thickness was measured. The results were analyzed histologically and anatomically. Results: In all specimens, the pituitary glands were found to be coated by 2 membranous layers, the inner layer being referred to here as the lamina propria and the outer as the pituitary capsule. In all specimens, the 2 membranes were intact with no histological defects. An interstice or cavity between the 2 layers was found on the surface of the adenohypophysis. However, as these 2 layers got closer and closer to each other, they began to adhere on the surface of the neurohypophysis. The thickness of the pituitary capsule was not constant like that of the lamina propria: the inferolateral part of the capsule was thicker than the other parts. The medial wall of the cavernous sinus (CS) was also a bilayered membrane just like the other CS walls: the 2 layers of the medial CS wall were composed of the lateral part of the pituitary capsule and the fibrous layer. Many fibrous trabeculae arising from this fibrous layer divided the CS into several small venous spaces and connected the internal carotid arteries with the medial wall. Conclusion: The terminology for the 2 membranous layers, the lamina propria and the pituitary capsule, seemed to be more appropriate and representative of the histological features of the pituitary layers. The lateral part of the capsule and the fibrous layer constituted the medial wall of the CS, which has a superior part that is weaker than the thicker inferior part. It is still difficult to postulate the criteria needed to predict CS invasion. However, the distance between the 2 sides of the internal carotid artery might be another predictive criterion to preoperatively diagnose CS invasion by adenomas. Enhanced knowledge of these membranes may be of assistance in finding a useful criterion.

GONADOTROPHINS AND PROLACTIN IN HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS

1961 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Currie ◽  
J. B. Dekanski
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Human Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cortisone Therapy

ABSTRACT Human anterior pituitary glands collected at autopsy within 6 hours of death were investigated for gonadotrophic and lactogenic activity. The glands were extracted with 2 % saline and most of the gonadotrophic and lactogenic activity appears to be extracted by this procedure. Little corticotrophic and thyrotrophic activity was found in the extract. The yield of extractable gonadotrophin in the pituitary glands of males and females of varying ages, and the effect of ovariectomy (in two cases) and of cortisone therapy (in one case) on the yield have been investigated. A reference preparation for human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG20A, Organon) was used as a standard. The amount of stored gonadotrophin increased with advancing age in both sexes. Ovariectomy was associated with a higher yield and cortisone therapy with a lower yield than that shown in pooled pituitary glands from women of the same age group. The ratio of the biological activity of FSH to ICSH in the pituitary glands of men over the age of 50 was about 1 : 1. The method of assay for prolactin was semi-quantitative but there was the same general trend of increased yield with advancing age. The pituitary gland from the case treated with cortisone had the highest yield while ovariectomy appeared to result in a decrease in the stored amount of the hormone. The functional significance of the results of the yield of stored hormones in the human pituitary gland is briefly discussed.

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR PORCINE LIPOTROPHIC PEPTIDE B

1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-299
Author(s):  
G. Neureuther ◽  
P. Schwandt ◽  
J. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Detectable Amount ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Active Peptide ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Double Antibody ◽  
Dextran Coated Charcoal ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Pituitary Glands

ABSTRACT A sensitive radioimmunoassay for the lipolytic peptide B from pig pituitary glands has been developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits, which allowed a final dilution of 1:6000. Free and antibody bound [125I]peptide B could be separated by double antibody, by dextran-coated charcoal and by polyethyleneglycol. The smallest detectable amount was 0.5 ng/ml. Peptide B could be measured irregularly in porcine sera; there was crossreacting material in an extract of a total human pituitary gland, but not in human sera. The assay seems specific except for a strong cross-reaction with porcine neurophysin. There are indications that peptide B consists of neurophysin and a small lipolytically active peptide which remains to be further characterized.

scholarly journals The genomic profiling and MAMLD1 expression in human and canines with Cushing’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Wang ◽  
Stewart G. Neill ◽  
Scott Newman ◽  
Marianna A. Tryfonidou ◽  
Adriana Ioachimescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Acth Secreting

Abstract Background Cushing’s disease (CD) is defined as hypercortisolemia caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (corticotroph PA) that afflicts humans and dogs. In order to map common aberrant genomic features of CD between humans and dogs, we performed genomic sequencing and immunostaining on corticotroph PA. Methods For inclusion, humans and dog were diagnosed with CD. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was conducted on 6 human corticotroph PA. Transcriptome RNA-Seq was performed on 6 human and 7 dog corticotroph PA. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was complete on 31 human corticotroph PA. Corticotroph PA were compared with normal tissue and between species analysis were also performed. Results Eight genes (MAMLD1, MNX1, RASEF, TBX19, BIRC5, TK1, GLDC, FAM131B) were significantly (P < 0.05) overexpressed across human and canine corticotroph PA. IHC revealed MAMLD1 to be positively (3+) expressed in the nucleus of ACTH-secreting tumor cells of human corticotroph PA (22/31, 70.9%), but absent in healthy human pituitary glands. Conclusions In this small exploratory cohort, we provide the first preliminary insights into profiling the genomic characterizations of human and dog corticotroph PA with respect to MAMLD1 overexpression, a finding of potential direct impact to CD microadenoma diagnosis. Our study also offers a rationale for potential use of the canine model in development of precision therapeutics.

Peptides related to α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are commonly produced by human pituitary corticotroph adenomas: no relationship with pars intermedia origin

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Coates ◽  
I. Doniach ◽  
C. Wells ◽  
A. C. Hale ◽  
L. H. Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Nelson’S Syndrome ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Nelson's Syndrome ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Corticotroph Adenomas

ABSTRACT The presence of immunoreactive (ir)-α-MSH has been investigated by immunocytochemistry in 24 pituitary adenomas and one case of corticotroph hyperplasia causing Cushing's disease, in four adenomas causing Nelson's syndrome, and in ten 'silent' corticotroph adenomas. It was found that a high proportion of these adenomas have a population of cells containing ir-α-MSH in addition to ir-ACTH. In some instances, these adenomas were clearly not associated with the residual intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Radioimmunoassay of plasma from patients with Cushing's disease or Nelson's syndrome showed elevated levels of ir-α-MSH in the majority of cases. Characterization of the ir-α-MSH in adenoma cells by immunocytochemistry, using an antiserum selective for acetylated forms of α-MSH, suggested that only the desacetyl form was present in each case examined. High-performance liquid chromatography of adenoma tissue extracts revealed material co-eluting with acetylated forms of α-MSH in only one of six cases. These results have been compared with corticotroph adenomas in animal pituitary glands, and it is concluded that the presence of α-MSH peptides cannot be used as a marker for intermediate lobe tumours, and that desacetyl α-MSH is commonly produced by corticotroph adenomas. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 120, 531–536

scholarly journals Variation in Weight of the Human Pituitary Gland in Different Age & Sex

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Mushfika Rahman ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Farhana Akter ◽  
Halima Afroz ◽  
Anjuman Ara Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Contrext: The pituitary gland produces several hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction. Deviations from the normal functions of the gland certainly derange the harmony of life. Therefore, this study is important to identify variation in the weight of human pituitary gland in relation to age and sex. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on sixty (40 of male and 20 of female) human pituitary glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the morgue of department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into four groups. i.e. Group-A (20-29 years), Group-B (30-39 years), Group-C (40-49 years) and Group-D (50-59 years). The weight of the gland with the stalk was measured by means of a digital electric balance. Results: In male the mean± SD weight of the pituitary gland was found 355.56 ± 49.78, 261.18 ± 52.31, 244.44 ± 51.26 and 210 ± 18.71 mg in group A, B, C and D respectively. In female the mean± SD weight was 381.11 ± 14.53 mg, 345 ± 19.27 mg and 313.33 ± 11.53 mg in group A, B, and C respectively. Conclusion: The weight of the pituitary gland showed gradual decreasing values with advancing age. The mean ± SD weight of male gland in this study was significantly lower than that of female glands. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20505 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 25-29

Human pituitary somatotropes express transforming growth factor-α and its receptor

1994 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
E L Finley ◽  
J S King ◽  
J S Ramsdell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Α ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Factor Α

Abstract Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) is a growth-regulatory peptide produced by a variety of transformed and non-transformed cells. Among non-transformed cells, TGF-α has been identified in the prolactin (PRL)- and GH-secreting cells of the bovine anterior pituitary gland. In this report, we have examined the expression of TGF-α in human anterior pituitary glands by Western analysis and immunohistochemistry. For the Western analysis, human pituitary glands were extracted in acid/ethanol, an acetic acid-soluble fraction was ether-precipitated and dialysed, and TGF-α was partially purified by C18 chromatography. TGF-α was then identified by immunostaining of Western transfers. Anterior pituitary extracts exhibited a major band(s) migrating at 19 kDa that was immunoreactive with a monoclonal antibody directed against the mature TGF-α. However, no evidence of the fully processed 6 kDa TGF-α was observed. We next identified TGF-α by immunohistochemistry. Using both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, specific immunoreactivity was identified in a population of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Using antibodies specific for the COOH and NH3 terminals of the TGF-α precursor, a comparable number of TGF-α-positive cells were found to contain TGF-α precursor sequences. These results indicate that the 19 kDa form of TGF-α expressed in the human pituitary gland may exist as the transmembrane form. We next sought to determine which cells express TGF-α in a human male pituitary gland. On frontal sections, TGF-α-immunopositive cells were evenly distributed in a manner and number indistinguishable from GH-immunopositive cells. By contrast, PRL-immunopositive cells in midfrontal sections were largely restricted to the lateral wings and extended dorsally to the neural lobe. TGF-α was positively co-localized to GH-immunopositive cells but not in PRL-immunopositive cells by immunostaining of consecutive sections. TGF-α-immunopositive cells were also immunopositive for the epidermal growth factor receptor, indicating that TGF-α has the capacity for autocrine action in the human pituitary gland. These results indicate that TGF-α is expressed in the human anterior pituitary gland and it is not proteolytically processed into the mature 6 kDa form. In addition, immunohistochemistry of an adult male human pituitary gland indicates that TGF-α is expressed in somatotropes and has the capacity for autocrine action. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 547–554

scholarly journals SAT-304 Pituitary Stem Cells May Drive Adenomas Causing Cushing’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Asuzu ◽  
Kory Johnson ◽  
Abdel Elkahloun ◽  
Weiwei Wu ◽  
Lynnette Nieman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Human Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Tumorigenesis ◽  
Rna Deep Sequencing ◽  
Targeted Expression

Abstract Introduction:Cell rests of self-renewing Sox2+ progenitor cells have been identified in the normal pituitary glands1, however their role in human pituitary tumorigenesis is not understood. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) producing microadenomas that cause Cushing’s disease frequently (~70%) lack pathogenic genetic mutations.2 In mice, targeted expression of oncogenic β-catenin in Sox2+ cells generate microadenomas. Interestingly, the Sox2+ cells reside within the adjacent normal gland and drive adenomas in a paracrine fashion.3 We hypothesized that Sox2+ progenitors in human pituitary gland may drive the formation of microadenomas that cause Cushing’s disease (CD). Methods:Four ACTH producing adenomas and two non-functional adenomas (NFPA) with separately annotated adjacent normal tissue (henceforward called ‘microenvironment’) were procured for this study (NCT00060541). We performed RNA deep sequencing (RNAseq) and compared expression of lineage-specific markers and progenitor markers using two-sample T-tests after testing for variance equality and using Welch’s approximation for degrees of freedom. Results:We found expected overexpression of ACTH preprohormone POMC in CD adenomas compared to adjacent microenvironment (?-fold) and NFPA (?-fold). The microenvironment in Cushing’s disease showed increased expression of progenitor markers including SOX2, SOX9, CDH1, GRFA2, and KLF4 compared with microenviroment in NFPA. Likewise, the Cushing’s disease microenvironment showed increased expression ofPOMC (26.98 - fold, P = 0.004) as well as PRLR (FC 17.39, P = 0.006) and GH1 (FC 29.91, P = 0.003) implying that increased Sox2+ progenitors contribute to terminally differentiated corticotrope, lactotroph and somatotroph lineages in-vivo. Conclusions:We report increased expression of several progenitor markers and concomitant elevation in tissues-specific markers in the microenvironment of Cushing’s disease patients. Our results indicate that increased pituitary progenitors in the microenvironment of human corticotropinomas may signal in paracrine fashion and may contribute to the pathogenesis of Cushing’s disease. References:1. Cox, B. et al. J. Endocrinol.234, R135-R158 (2017).2. Bi, W. L. et al. Clin. Cancer Res.23, 1841-1851 (2017).3. Andoniadou, C. L. et al. Cell Stem Cell13, 433-445 (2013).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document