scholarly journals The information gathering framework - a cognitive model of regressive eye movements during reading

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fiona Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Fixation Durations

In this article we present a new eye movement control framework that describes the interaction between fixation durations and regressive saccades during reading: The Information Gathering Framework (IGF). Based on the FC model proposed by Bicknell and Levy (2010), the basic idea of the IGF is that a confidence level for each word is computed while being monitored by three independent thresholds. These thresholds shape eye movement behavior by increasing fixation duration, triggering a regression, or guiding regression target selection. In this way, the IGF does not only account for regressive eye movements but also provides a framework able to model eye movement control during reading across different scenarios. Importantly, within the IGF it is assumed that two different types of regressive eye movements exist which differ with regard to their releases (integrations difficulties vs. missing evidence) but also with regard to their time course. We tested the predictions of the IGF by re-analyzing an experiment of Weiss et al. (2018) and found, inter alia, clear evidence for shorter fixation durations before regressive saccades relative to progressive saccades, with the exception of the last region. This clearly supports the assumptions of the IGF. In addition, we found evidence that there exists a window of about 15–20 characters to the left of the current fixation that plays an important role in target selection, probably indicating the perceptual span during a regressive saccade.

scholarly journals Role of Primate Cerebellar Hemisphere in Voluntary Eye Movement Control Revealed by Lesion Effects

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 934-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Ohki ◽  
Hiromasa Kitazawa ◽  
Takahito Hiramatsu ◽  
Kimitake Kaga ◽  
Taiko Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Target Velocity ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Catch Up

The anatomical connection between the frontal eye field and the cerebellar hemispheric lobule VII (H-VII) suggests a potential role of the hemisphere in voluntary eye movement control. To reveal the involvement of the hemisphere in smooth pursuit and saccade control, we made a unilateral lesion around H-VII and examined its effects in three Macaca fuscata that were trained to pursue visually a small target. To the step (3°)-ramp (5–20°/s) target motion, the monkeys usually showed an initial pursuit eye movement at a latency of 80–140 ms and a small catch-up saccade at 140–220 ms that was followed by a postsaccadic pursuit eye movement that roughly matched the ramp target velocity. After unilateral cerebellar hemispheric lesioning, the initial pursuit eye movements were impaired, and the velocities of the postsaccadic pursuit eye movements decreased. The onsets of 5° visually guided saccades to the stationary target were delayed, and their amplitudes showed a tendency of increased trial-to-trial variability but never became hypo- or hypermetric. Similar tendencies were observed in the onsets and amplitudes of catch-up saccades. The adaptation of open-loop smooth pursuit velocity, tested by a step increase in target velocity for a brief period, was impaired. These lesion effects were recognized in all directions, particularly in the ipsiversive direction. A recovery was observed at 4 wk postlesion for some of these lesion effects. These results suggest that the cerebellar hemispheric region around lobule VII is involved in the control of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements.

scholarly journals WALD-EM: Wald Accumulation for Locations and Durations of Eye Movements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šimon Kucharský ◽  
Daan Roelof van Renswoude ◽  
Maartje Eusebia Josefa Raijmakers ◽  
Ingmar Visser
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Describing, analyzing and explaining patterns in eye movement behavior is crucial for understanding visual perception. Further, eye movements are increasingly used in informing cognitive process models. In this article, we start by reviewing basic characteristics and desiderata for models of eye movements. Specifically, we argue that there is a need for models combining spatial and temporal aspects of eye-tracking data (i.e., fixation durations and fixation locations), that formal models derived from concrete theoretical assumptions are needed to inform our empirical research, and custom statistical models are useful for detecting specific empirical phenomena that are to be explained by said theory. In this article, we develop a conceptual model of eye movements, or specifically, fixation durations and fixation locations, and from it derive a formal statistical model --- meeting our goal of crafting a model useful in both the theoretical and empirical research cycle. We demonstrate the use of the model on an example of infant natural scene viewing, to show that the model is able to explain different features of the eye movement data, and to showcase how to identify that the model needs to be adapted if it does not agree with the data. We conclude with discussion of potential future avenues for formal eye movement models.

scholarly journals The Influence of Irrelevant Visual Distractors on Eye Movement Control in Chinese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from the Remote Distractor Paradigm

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-512
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Guoli Yan ◽  
Li Zhou ◽  
Zebo Lan ◽  
Valerie Benson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Children With Asd

Abstract The current study examined eye movement control in autistic (ASD) children. Simple targets were presented in isolation, or with central, parafoveal, or peripheral distractors synchronously. Sixteen children with ASD (47–81 months) and nineteen age and IQ matched typically developing children were instructed to look to the target as accurately and quickly as possible. Both groups showed high proportions (40%) of saccadic errors towards parafoveal and peripheral distractors. For correctly executed eye movements to the targets, centrally presented distractors produced the longest latencies (time taken to initiate eye movements), followed by parafoveal and peripheral distractor conditions. Central distractors had a greater effect in the ASD group, indicating evidence for potential atypical voluntary attentional control in ASD children.

Eye movements when reading sentences with handwritten words

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Ana Marcet ◽  
Beatriz Uixera ◽  
Marta Vergara-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Lexical Effects

The examination of how we read handwritten words (i.e., the original form of writing) has typically been disregarded in the literature on reading. Previous research using word recognition tasks has shown that lexical effects (e.g., the word-frequency effect) are magnified when reading difficult handwritten words. To examine this issue in a more ecological scenario, we registered the participants’ eye movements when reading handwritten sentences that varied in the degree of legibility (i.e., sentences composed of words in easy vs. difficult handwritten style). For comparison purposes, we included a condition with printed sentences. Results showed a larger reading cost for sentences with difficult handwritten words than for sentences with easy handwritten words, which in turn showed a reading cost relative to the sentences with printed words. Critically, the effect of word frequency was greater for difficult handwritten words than for easy handwritten words or printed words in the total times on a target word, but not on first-fixation durations or gaze durations. We examine the implications of these findings for models of eye movement control in reading.

scholarly journals Lexical and post-lexical complexity effects on eye movements in reading

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Warren ◽  
Erik D. Reichle ◽  
Nikole D. Patson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Lexical Complexity ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading ◽  
Processing Difficulty

The current study investigated how a post-lexical complexity manipulation followed by a lexical complexity manipulation affects eye movements during reading. Both manipulations caused disruption in all measures on the manipulated words, but the patterns of spillover differed. Critically, the effects of the two kinds of manipulations did not interact, and there was no evidence that post-lexical processing difficulty delayed lexical processing on the next word (c.f. Henderson & Ferreira, 1990). This suggests that post-lexical processing of one word and lexical processing of the next can proceed independently and likely in parallel. This finding is consistent with the assumptions of the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control in reading (Reichle, Warren, & McConnell, 2009).

Facilitation of Stereopsis from a Large Disparity Random-Dot Stereogram by Various Monocular Features: Further Findings (A Short Note)

Perception ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Saye
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram ◽  
Initial Perception

This experiment examined the effects of adding five different kinds of prominent monocular features to a large-disparity random-dot stereogram. It was found that features which enclosed the disparate area produced the shortest initial perception times for fusion. The longer initial perception times for stimuli containing features without this enclosing property are explained in terms of less-helpful guidance of saccadic eye movements prior to the establishment of fusion. Subsequent reductions in perception times for these latter stimuli could be due to perceptual learning within the eye movement control system.

scholarly journals Catastrophe theory in work from heartbeats to eye movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Hussain Ather
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Catastrophe Theory ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Fast Control ◽  
Biological Organisms

AbstractIn "Slow-fast control of eye movements: an instance of Zeeman’s model for an action," Clement and Akman extended Zeeman's model for the heartbeat to describe eye movement control of different species using aspects of catastrophe theory. The scientists created a model that gives an example of how the techniques of catastrophe theory can be used to understand information processing by biological organisms, a key aspect of biological cybernetics. They tested how well the system of equations for Zeeman's model could be applied to saccadic eye movements.

E-Z Reader 7 provides a platform for explaining how low- and high-level linguistic processes influence eye movements

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Raney
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
High Level

E-Z Reader 7 is a processing model of eye-movement control. One constraint imposed on the model is that high-level cognitive processes do not influence eye movements unless normal reading processes are disturbed. I suggest that this constraint is unnecessary, and that the model provides a sensible architecture for explaining how both low- and high-level processes influence eye movements.

scholarly journals Word Skipping in Reading English as a Foreign Language: Evidence from Eye Tracking

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Емраг Долґунсоз ◽  
Аріф Сарісобан
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Psychological Review ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Word Skipping

During reading, readers never fixate on all words in the text; shorter words sometimes gain zero fixation and skipped by the reader. Relying on E-Z Reader Model, this research hypothesized that a similar skipping effect also exists for a second language. The current study examined word skipping rates in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) with 75 EFL learners by using eye tracking methodology. The results showed that word skipping was affected by EFL reading proficiency significantly and articles (a, an, the) were skipped more than content words. Furthermore, more skilled learners were observed to have less fixation count and skipped more words during reading while less skilled learners employed more fixations and skipped less words. Eye tracking as a novel method to observe learner development and progress in EFL reading was also discussed.  References Altarriba, J., Kroll, J. F., Sholl, A.. & Rayner, K. (1996). 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