scholarly journals Two-dimensional classification of psychological defense mechanisms

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-280
Author(s):  
Elena R. Pilyugina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Semantic Difference ◽  
Avoidance Suppression

The paper proposes the author’s classification of psychological defense mechanisms, consisting of 20 mechanisms and representing a two-dimensional model. The idea of this model is that these mechanisms have a cross-relationship between 4 levels of the hierarchy (psychotic, infantile, neurotic, and adaptive groups) and 5 types of overcoming frustration which are the basis for the formation and functioning of the defense mechanism. The novelty of the article is the idea that each of the 20 defense mechanisms belongs to one of the 5 types of overcoming frustration — distracting type (mechanisms of regression, action out, compensation, sublimation), «guilty» type (mechanisms of hypochondria, passive-aggressive behavior, reactive formation, altruism), avoiding type (mechanisms of repression, denial, avoidance, suppression), rationalizing type (mechanisms of dissociation, displacement/transfer, rationalization, humor), controlling type (mechanisms of isolation, projection, omnipotence, anticipation). The paper provides description of the defense mechanisms, examples of their manifestation, and possible reasons for their formation. The substantiation of the defense mechanisms’ belonging to the particular groups and types of classification is given. The classification is proposed as a convenient diagnostic tool for counseling psychologists, because it has an optimal number of defense mechanisms, fairly clear criteria for their determination, their location in the structure of psychological defense and the basis for their functioning. The article also provides an overview of current classifications of defense mechanisms and voices problems related to the identification and streamlining of defense mechanisms. These problems are the subtlety of semantic difference and blurring of borders between defense mechanisms, different interpretations in terminology due to difficulties in translation from foreign languages, differences in approaches to hierarchy of defense mechanisms.

A Study of Memory and Psychological Defense Mechanism in Julian Barnes’s The Sense of an Ending

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Aliakbari Harehdasht ◽  
Zahra Ekbatäni
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
Julian Barnes ◽  
Self Image

In The Sense of an Ending, Julian Barnes portrays the mysterious workings of the human mind as it distorts facts towards the end of a self-image that one can live with. The protagonist in the novel deploys certain psychological defense mechanisms in order to protect himself from feelings of anxiety, only to experience even more profound anxiety due to his excessive use of them. The significance of the present paper lies in its novel view of the book. So far, the critique on the novel has mainly been focused on the workings of time on memory; however, the present paper investigates how psychological defense mechanisms blur the protagonist’s perception of reality and distort his memories. This paper also attempts to attract scholarly interest in the study of psychological defense mechanisms in the study of The Sense of an Ending which has so far been to the best of our knowledge overlooked

scholarly journals Features of psychological protection of students of IHE who are engaged in swimming

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
N. Dakal ◽  
O. Cherevichko ◽  
K. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The purpose of psychological protection is to maintain the integrity of the "self-concept" of the individual by protecting his consciousness from negative traumatic experiences, fear of failure, anxiety or uncertainty in their actions. The authors who studied this phenomenon in sports note that the psychological protection of the athlete - is a system of mechanisms and methods of mental self-regulation of consciousness and behavior of the individual in extreme mental conditions. Psychological defense mechanisms are manifested in students as a regulatory system that is activated in a situation of internal or external conflict. Based on it, students often show such a defense mechanism as substitution, regression, and compensation. Considering the manifestation of protective mechanisms in boys and girls, we obtained the following indicators: reactive formations (73% in girls and 51% in boys) and projection (73% in girls and 54% in boys) (p <0.05); in boys prevails: suppression (65% in boys and 45% in girls) and intellectualization (69% in boys and 56.1% in girls) (p <0.05). We found differences in the choice of the dominant mechanism of psychological protection by swimming students. The leading mechanism in the studied contingent is substitution, and the least preferred is suppression. The study identified the manifestation of the main mechanisms of psychological protection in students who swim and analyzed certain types of protection with a description of the specific features of the system of protective mechanisms and the level of their impact depending on gender differences.

Two-dimensional classification of amphiphilic monomers based on interfacial and partitioning properties. 2. Amino acids and amino acid residues

2006 ◽  
Vol 284 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan M. Okhapkin ◽  
Andrei A. Askadskii ◽  
Vladimir A. Markov ◽  
Elena E. Makhaeva ◽  
Alexei R. Khokhlov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Dimensional Classification

scholarly journals Variables associated with the modalities of psychic adaptation (coping mechanisms and psychic defense mechanisms) in depressive disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (73) (1) ◽  
pp. 234-246
Author(s):  
Dănuț Ioan Crașovan ◽  
Laura Patricia Farcaș
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Psychological Defense ◽  
Adherence To Medication ◽  
Coping Process ◽  
And Coping

The study lists a series of research on the particularities of psychic adaptation in depressive disorders, respectively psychological defense mechanism and coping mechanisms. At the same time, the study analyzes the existing relationships, in depressive disorders case, between coping and variables such as tools and the methodology for assessing the coping process, the relevance and usefulness of the coping process in the clinic and the treatment of psychopathology as information processing, the personality and typology of the human subject, the type of disorder diagnosed, age of the human subject, locus of control, parental style, life events, personal experience, adherence to medication, gender, economic situation, profession, culture/environment, presence or absence of depressive disorders.

scholarly journals Globular Clusters in the Vilnius Photometric System

1988 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 515-516
Author(s):  
K. Zdanavičius
Keyword(s):  
Globular Clusters ◽  
Photometric System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Halo Stars ◽  
Dimensional Classification

The Vilnius photometric system was developed for photometric two-dimensional classification of stars and for the determination of interstellar reddening. The system consists of seven magnitudes U, P, X, Y, Z, V and S with mean wavelengths of 345, 375, 405, 466, 516, 544 and 655 nm and half-widths of the order 20 – 30 nm (Straižys 1977). Later on the system was successfully used for the determination of temperatures and the metallicities of halo stars (Bartkevičius and Sperauskas 1983).

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