The reality of psychological defense deception among students practicing sports in the faculties of physical education and Sports Sciences/Baghdad University

The study aimed to apply the measure of psychological defense deception for university students practices for sports, and to recognize the level of psychological defense deception among university students practices for sports, and the researchers adopted the descriptive curriculum by the survey method a sample of third-graders in the Faculties of Physical Education and Sports Sciences /Baghdad University for the academic year (2020-2021) and the number of the students are (209) students, selected from them (189) students by (90.43%) In the random way of the main application sample, also (10) students were selected by (4,785%) in a random way of the exploration experiment sample, a recent specialized measure were adopted by the two researchers for the target sample of measurement, and the procedures were from a exploration experiment and a major survey in the research for the period between (2/3/2021 and 6/4/2021), as after the application of the measure by conducting the main survey they were mediated by paper forms, and the results were addressed by the statistical bag system (SPSS) (V26) to be the conclusions and recommendations that university students practice sports have an acceptable level of psychological defense deception, and need to raise the recommended level of compensation and projection of Psychological defense deception are characterized by surpassing, and it is necessary to increase interest in the mechanisms to encourage university students to exercise in student activities with the availability of reinforcement of various kinds, and it is necessary for the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to ensure sports culture and its role in the psychology of female students in education courses Continuous and electronic activity platforms to communicate between faculty members

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE SOCIAL NETWORK USERS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MEANINGFULNESS OF LIFE

During adolescence, at the stage of formation of personal structures, young people spend a significant part of their time on the Internet, especially in social networks. It is there that communication is realized, interest groups are formed, values are broadcast and undergo changes. Thus, the question of ways to protect against heterogeneous content on the web with the support of the individual on his own meanings becomes relevant. A study of psychological defense mechanisms was conducted in 85 boys and girls aged 18-24 years (30.6 % women, Me=22.5; 69.4 % men, Me=21.5) - users of social networks with different levels of meaningfulness of life. The Plutchik-Kellerman-Conte test questionnaire was used to diagnose the mechanisms of psychological defense, the test of life orientations by D.A. Leontiev was used as well. According to the results of the application of the Pearson χCriterion, it was found that with an increase in the level of meaningfulness of life, the arsenal of psychological defense mechanisms of the individual increases and their severity noticeably increases. Respondents with a high level of meaningfulness are dominated by Rationalization, Hypercompensation, Projection; with an average level of meaningfulness - Displacement, Regression, Compensation; with a low level of meaningfulness - Regression, Denial, Rationalization. Using the Spearman correlation analysis, it was revealed that with an increase in the meaningfulness of life, the actualization of psychological defenses "Substitution" (transfer of reaction from one object to another) and "Regression" (return to earlier behaviors) decreases, the overall intensity of defenses decreases.

IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON INTEGRAL CHARACTERISTIC OF HEALTH. PROSPECTIVE POPULATION STUDY OF WORKERS IN DANGEROUS PROFESSIONS

Aim. To assess the social status and methods of psychological protection of the individual in a number of organized populations in several typical regions (5 cities of Russia), as well as to compare the identified psychological characteristics with traditional risk factors (FR) and chronic non-communicable diseases in a prospective population study. Material and methods. In 2010 - 2011, in five cities of Russia (Nizhny Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod, Vologda, Nalchik, Omsk), screening was conducted on full (representative) samples from organized populations (at least 500 people in each, with a response to the survey from 80 to 90%). A total of 2,227 people were examined: 1,336 women and 891 men aged 25-75 years. In 2012-2014, a prospective (through 3 years) population study in the cities of Nizhny Novgorod, Nalchik, Veliky Novgorod and Omsk. Screening of the same organized population was conducted in 1202 people (response-64.7%). The questionnaires for assessment of social-economic status, somatic and psychological health, life style index or psychological defense mechanisms, pathogen reflection, psychotism scale, hospital scale of anxiety and depression, international stress scale, as well as the moral potential of person were methods of screening. Results. It was exposed that among the mechanisms of psychological defenses primitive ones dominated, especially projection, replacement, denial and suppression; the pathogen reflection style was formed in the most of the respondents. In process of mathematic analysis we used the method of «simple cross-tabulation» for join all negative mechanisms of psychological defense. It gives us the possibility to show their significant connection with the most somatic diseases in the personal history (р<0,001). Conclusion. Psychological parameters significant dominate over physiological signs in their impact on the health. Thus it demands necessity to take into account the psychological status in the health improving process.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT OF RESILIENCE AND PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS IN PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF INTERNET-BEHAVIOR

Изучена специфика жизнеспособности и психологических защитных механизмов у молодежи с разными уровнями интернет-зависимости. Представлены актуальные взгляды на содержание понятий «жизнеспособность», «психологические защитные механизмы», «интернет-зависимость», а также результаты пилотажного эмпирического исследования, проведенного на выборке, состоящей из 51 студента Новосибирского государственного технического университета в возрасте от 19 лет до 21 года. В исследовании использованы методики «Шкала интернет-зависимости С. Чена (CIAS)» (адаптирована В. Л. Малыгиным, К. А. Феклисовым), тест «Жизнеспособность взрослого человека» А. В. Махнача, «Опросник структуры психологических защит» М. Бонда (адаптирован Е. Е. Туник). Обнаружено, что психологические защиты в целом больше выражены в группе с интернет-зависимым поведением, а жизнеспособность – в группе с минимальным риском интернет-зависимого поведения. В группе с интернет-зависимым поведением чаще используют неадаптивные психологические защиты (пассивная агрессия, поведенческое отреагирование, ипохондрия, фантазия) и адаптивную защиту – прогнозирование. Сделан вывод о том, что жизнеспособной молодежи, с одной стороны, свойственны применение защитных механизмов, ухудшающих их взаимодействие с другими людьми, полярное мышление как по отношению к себе, так и по отношению к другим людям. С другой – стремление к людям, использование юмора и творчества в сложных ситуациях. The article is devoted to the study of specificity of a resilience and psychological defense mechanisms in young people with different levels of Internet addiction. It presents modern views on the content of such concepts as “resilience”, “psychological defense mechanisms”, “Internet addiction”. Also, it includes the results of pilot study, which was conducted on a sample of 51 NSTU students, aged 19 to 21 years. The Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), the test “Adult Resilience” by A. V. Makhnach, a questionnaire of the structure of psychological defenses M. Bond were used in the study. It was found that psychological defenses in general are more pronounced in the group with Internet-addictive behavior, and resilience is more expressed in the group with minimal risk of Internet-addictive behavior. Internet-addictive behavior, maladaptive psychological defenses such as passive aggression, behavioral response, hypochondria, fantasy, and adaptive defense – prediction are more often used. The results let authors conclude that resilient youth is characterized, on the one hand, by the use of defenses that worsen their interaction with other people, polar thinking both in relation to themselves and in relation to other people, on the other hand, and by the striving for people and the use of humor and creativity in difficult situations.

Nothing is Certain Except Taxes and the Other Thing: Searching for Death Anxiety in a Large Online Sample

Philosophical and psychological literature has suggested that death anxiety has a profound impact on our lives, and is a fundamental aspect of what it means to be human. Based on such claims, we wanted to examine how people expressed their thoughts about death when giving short free-text responses in a large online sample. To do so we explored a qualitative dataset where 803 Americans state their thoughts about either death or physical pain (toothache). Comparing these, we found that death reminders caused less negative affect and more positive affect than toothache reminders. We also observed that reactions to death were quite diverse and did not show signs of being dominated by existential anxiety. Qualitative analyses indicate that psychological defense mechanisms do not seem to sufficiently explain the differences between the two conditions. The article also serves as a companion for the open dataset, to facilitate the exploration and reuse by other researchers.

Political Orientation as Psychological Defense or Basic Disposition? A Social Neuroscience Examination

Psychological views on political orientation generally agree that conservatism is associated with negativity bias but disagree on the form of that association. Some view conservatism as a psychological defense that insulates from negative stimuli and events. Others view conservatism as a consequence of increased dispositional sensitivity to negative stimuli and events. Further complicating matters, research shows that conservatives are sometimes more and sometimes less sensitive to negative stimuli and events. The current research integrates these opposing views and results. We reasoned that conservatives should typically be less sensitive to negative stimuli if conservative beliefs act as a psychological defense. However, when core components of conservative beliefs are threatened, the psychological defense may fall, and conservatives may show heightened sensitivity to negative stimuli. In two ERP studies, participants were randomly assigned to either an ostensibly real economic threat or a nonthreatening control condition. To measure reactivity to negative stimuli, we indexed the P3 component to aversive white noise bursts in an auditory oddball paradigm. In both studies, the relationship between increased conservatism and P3 mean amplitude was negative in the control condition but positive in threat condition (this relationship was stronger in Study 2). In Study 2, source localization of the P3 component revealed that, after threat, conservatism was associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, regions associated with conflict-related processes. These results demonstrate that the link between conservatism and negativity bias is context-dependent, i.e., dependent on threat experiences.

The Relationship between Employee Attitude Toward Change and Organizational Commitment: The Moderating Role of Psychological Defense Mechanisms

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine which defense mechanisms can help to regulate the link between attitude toward change and organizational commitment. Psychological defenses are characterized as protective processes that help individuals maintain their integrity in the face of threat and danger. Previously, extant research has mainly emphasized organizational issues while individual psychological factors have remained largely ignored. Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate the moderating effects of psychological defense mechanisms on the relationship between employee attitude toward change and organizational commitment. Design/Methodology/Approach: A total of 499 employees were chosen from the banks of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan, using a purposive sampling methodology. The information was gathered using validated questionnaires. The data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Findings: The findings showed a positive correlation between employee positive attitude toward change and organizational commitment and a negative relationship between employee negative attitude toward change and organizational commitment. The results of the moderation analysis revealed that the association between employee attitude toward change and organizational commitment is negatively moderated by all three defense mechanisms. Implications/Originality/Value: The findings highlight the significance of psychological factors during the organizational change process and suggests recruiting employees with positive attitudes.

Prevailing emotional components in adolescent girls with eating disorders

The article presents the results of a study on the predominant emotional components in adolescent girls with eating disorders, which manifested itself in the form of anorexia nervosa. In connection with the growing popularization of stereotypical body parameters and the relevance of healthy eating in modern life among adolescent girls, there is an increase in the trend towards various eating disorders. The main predominant groups subject to such deviations are precisely adolescent girls and adolescent girls. Identifying the initial emotional manifestations caused by anorexia nervosa is essential for planning preventive school programs. The research used such methods as observation, oral questioning (conversation) and "Cognitive-emotive test" Yu.M. Orlova, N.D. Tvorogova. The analysis of the data obtained made it possible to identify the predominant components of emotional disorders, namely the mechanisms of psychological defense, which are probably worth paying attention to psychologists for more competent work. The mechanisms of psychological defense turned out to be: aggression against oneself and protection from shame. The neglect of such a serious problem by school psychological services can only exacerbate the growth of these disorders. An approximate plan of preventive measures was developed, consisting of the main types of necessary work, namely: diagnostics, education, prevention, group sessions and individual assistance aimed at this category of adolescent girls and all participants in the general educational process. When developing this plan, recommendations were given for its implementation. Also, with individual work, it is worth paying special attention to the correction of emotional disorders.