ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS IN TIME OF INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT CASE STUDY AFGHANISTAN

In the present paper the author continues the study of the challenges faced by Colombia in its struggle to overcome the internal armed conﬂict, as well as the role of the United States in this process. By 2010 the confrontation between the government forces and the armed rebels had reached a breaking point opening the way to a successful conclusion of the Government of Colombia–FARC peace negotiations and the beginning of the country’s post-conﬂict reconstruction. The paper thoroughly examines the negotiations process, identiﬁes the key disputed issues and the measures outlined for their resolution, including mechanisms of transitional justice, agrarian reform, programmes for demobilization and reintegration of the former combatants. The results of these talks laid the foundation for the historic Peace Accord of September 26, 2016. However, against all hopes and expectations, the agreement failed to bring an end to the long-standing internal conﬂict in Colombia. The failure of the national referendum, which was designed to approve the agreement, not only revealed deep divisions in the society, but forced the government to make serious concessions to the opponents of the negotiations with FARC. The author emphasizes the growing erosion of the hard-won consensus in the Colombian society, accompanied by the consolidation of the right-wing conservative camp. In this context the role of external sponsors of the peaceful agreement in general and the United States in particular becomes crucial. The paper presents a comparative analysis of approaches to providing aid to Colombia demonstrated by the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The author concludes that despite substantial diﬀerences, for both administrations the ultimate objective was national security of the United States. That was clearly demonstrated by the fact that the US foreign aid to Colombia focused primarily on the ﬁght against the illegal production of and traﬃcking in drugs, while the issues of peacebuilding and post-conﬂict reconstruction received less attention. Assessing Colombia’s experience in overcoming the internal conﬂict and the role of the United States in that process, the author concludes that although prioritization of security issues may have a considerable organizing potential, at the same time it may be detrimental to the process of post-conﬂict reconstruction in general.

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Humanitarian makerspaces in crisis-affected communities

Artificial intelligence for engineering design analysis and manufacturing ◽

10.1017/s0890060420000098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 374-386

Author(s):

Lucia Corsini ◽

James Moultrie

Keyword(s):

Asylum Seekers ◽

Humanitarian Aid ◽

Study Approach ◽

Humanitarian Organizations ◽

Humanitarian Interventions ◽

Design Activities ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Refugees And Asylum Seekers

AbstractThere is an increasing demand for humanitarian aid around the world. At the same time, the number of makerspaces has been growing exponentially. Recently, the humanitarian sector has become interested in how these new design spaces can help crisis-affected populations. Despite the emergence of humanitarian makerspaces, there is little research to date that documents their outcomes and impacts. A multi-case study approach is taken to analyze three makerspaces that support migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers in Greece. A maturity grid tool is used to show that humanitarian makerspaces are driving impact in six key areas. The study underlines how these makerspaces support different design activities and have different outcomes. It also considers the challenges which are preventing humanitarian makerspaces from achieving their ultimate goals, drawing attention to the need for an enabling ecosystem in both the local and humanitarian context. This research brings clarity to the poorly understood phenomenon of humanitarian makerspaces and highlights the important role of design in humanitarian interventions. It also reveals practical insights for humanitarian organizations who are considering setting up makerspaces in crisis-affected communities.

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Human Rights, National Regulation, and Armed Conflict

To Serve the Enemy ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198788898.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 171-210

Author(s):

Shane Darcy

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Armed Conflict ◽

International Human Rights Law ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Human Rights Law ◽

National Regulation ◽

The Right ◽

Human Rights Standards

The role of international human rights law and national regulatory regimes regarding the use of informers is considered in Chapter 5. The chapter begins by outlining human rights standards of relevance to the use of covert human intelligence sources in national policing, criminal justice, and intelligence activities, as interpreted by various international courts and human rights bodies. It then considers national approaches to the regulation of the use of informers, including a case study of Northern Ireland, where human rights law played an ostensibly greater role in regulating conduct than humanitarian law. Informers were both victims and perpetrators of serious crimes during the conflict. The chapter then examines the application of human rights law in times of armed conflict through the lens of the right to life, and considers how national regulation and oversight of the use of informers may be of relevance in situations of armed conflict.

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Building community following displacement due to armed conflict

International Social Work ◽

10.1177/0020872807073964 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 171-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Margarita M. Frederico ◽

Clifford J. Picton ◽

Steven Muncy ◽

Luis Ma Ongsiapco ◽

Celia Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Armed Conflict ◽

Community Building ◽

Internal Armed Conflict ◽

Etude De Cas ◽

Building Community ◽

Étude De Cas

English Facilitating participation with people displaced due to internal armed conflict is a core challenge in community building. The case study presented in this article identifies the elements of a community-building approach which achieved sustainable outcomes for individuals and communities in Mindanao, Philippines where hundreds of thousands of people were displaced during armed conflict between 2000 and 2003. French Inciter la participation de personnes dé placées à la suite d'un conflit intérieur armé pour reconstruire la communauté représente un dé fi de taille. La présente étude de cas identifie les éléments d'une approche de développement communautaire qui a obtenu des ré sultats durables aupre` s de personnes et de communautés de Mindanao aux Philippines où des centaines de milliers de personnes furent dé placées durant les conflits, entre 2000 et 2003. Spanish Un reto central en la creació n de una comunidad es el facilitar la participación de la gente que ha sido desplazada a causa del conflicto interno armado. El caso aquí presentado identifica los componentes de la tarea de crear comunidad. Un caso que ha dado resultados duraderos para individuos y comunidades en Mindanao (Filipinas), donde cientos de miles de personas fueron desplazadas durante los conflictos habidos entre el 2000 y el 2003.

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International Humanitarian Law in India: A Critical Case Study

Kathmandu School of Law Review ◽

10.46985/jms.v3ispecial.998 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 129-140

Author(s):

Anita Yadav ◽

Amit Yadav

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Armed Conflict ◽

Geneva Convention ◽

International Humanitarian Law ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

World War ◽

Human Right ◽

Internal Armed Conflict ◽

Critical Case Study

Prior to 1949, a consensual regime on internal armed conflict was nonexistent. The urgency to regulate the conducts of parties in an internal armed conflict was realized in the wake of World War II. The evolving war patterns direly necessitated regulation of massive violations of both humanitarian law and human right norms that are corollary to each other. This article attempts to sketch the application of international humanitarian law governing internal armed conflict in the context of India with reference various approaches at national and international level. It also highlights the fact that India is yet to recognize protocol II of the Geneva Convention and the concerns such has attracted. Further, the article also attempts to venture into the grey area of determining the threshold of internal armed conflict.

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ROLE OF THE UNHCR IN REPATRIATION OF AFGHAN REFUGEES FROM PAKISTAN: POST 9/11 ERA

Petita Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Syariah ◽

10.22373/petita.v5i1.95 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 43-53

Author(s):

Faiz Bakhsh ◽

Muhammad Asif Safdar

Keyword(s):

Armed Conflict ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Displaced Persons ◽

Afghan Refugees ◽

Host State ◽

Internal Armed Conflict ◽

Supportive Role ◽

The Government ◽

Refugee Problem

The post 9/11-armed conflict in Afghanistan resulted in the displacement of millions of Afghans and many of these displaced persons entered Pakistan as refugees. Moreover, the involvement of Pakistan in the conflict as an ally to NATO claimed Pakistan an internal armed conflict that displaced waves and waves of internal displacements. Repatriation is considered as a durable solution of the refugee problem. It is the responsibility of the host state to plan for safe and voluntary return of refugees and the UNHCR plays a supportive role in complying with this responsibility. However, the principles of safety, voluntariness and dignity are preserved during repatriation. To comply with the legal framework for refugees regarding repatriation, Pakistan had been struggling a lot in the context of the ongoing armed conflict in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. UNHCR has been helping and assisting the government of Pakistan in planning and executing the safe and voluntary Afghan refugees. This cooperation between the UNHCR and Pakistan has remained effective in achieving the goal of repatriation of Afghan Refugees in the context of ongoing conflicts in both Afghanistan and Pakistan in the context of difficult circumstances This paper discusses the repatriation of the Afghan refugees from Pakistan, engineered by the UNHCR and Pakistan, under the legal framework applicable for safe and voluntary return of refugees, amid waves of repeated displacements due to the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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El difícil camino de la paz. Avatares de la implementación de los acuerdos Farc-Ep y gobierno colombiano en Icononzo (Tolima)

REVISTA CONTROVERSIA ◽

10.54118/controver.vi217.1244 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 221-255

Author(s):

Wilson Pabón

Keyword(s):

Armed Conflict ◽

Important Process ◽

War And Peace ◽

Civilian Life ◽

La Paz ◽

Internal Armed Conflict ◽

Colombian Government ◽

Transition To Civilian Life ◽

Peace Accords

Resumen: Con la firma del Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera entre el Gobierno colombiano y la guerrilla de las FARC-EP, en noviembre de 2016, se establecieron una serie de acuerdos sobre diferentes puntos, entre ellos el establecimiento de unas zonas de concentración en varias regiones del país, en las cuales los excombatientes harían su tránsito a la vida civil. Para entender las dinámicas de lo sucedido en este importante proceso, se analiza el caso del espacio territorial de capacitación y reincorporación (ETCR) Antonio Nariño, en Icononzo (Tolima), el más cercano a Bogotá. Luego de un trabajo de campo de dos años, en el que se realizaron entrevistas con los habitantes de la región de Sumapaz, lo mismo que con quienes están alrededor del proceso, se plantea una perspectiva de análisis de corte etnográfico sobre el tema. Esto como paradigma de lo sucedido en el país, concretamente en el Sumapaz, una región en la cual tanto la guerra como la paz se han vivido desde hace más de setenta años, buscando aportar a la comprensión del conflicto armado interno en Colombia. The Difficult Course to Peace. Avatars of the Implementation of the Farc - Colombian Government Peace Accords in Icononzo (Tolima) Abstract: With the signing of the Peace Accords between the Colombian government and the Farc-Ep guerrilla in 2016, concentration zones were established in various regions of the country, in which ex-combatants would make their transition to civilian life. To understand the dynamics of what happened in this important process, the case of the ETCR Antonio Nariño in Icononzo (Tolima), the closest to Bogotá, is analyzed. As part of a two-year fieldwork, in which I conducted multiple interviews with the habitants of the Sumapaz region, as well as with those around the process, I propose a ethnographical analysis to this question. Such approach is proposed as a case study to understand the challenges provoked with the implementation of the peace accords in Colombia. In so doing, this chapter seeks to contribute to the understanding the internal armed conflict in this country while contextualizing such analysis in a region in which both war and peace have been lived for more than seventy years. Keywords: Colombia, Peace Accords, Internal Armed Conflict, Government-Farc, Sumapaz.

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Coalitions Matter: Citizenship, Women, and Quota Adoption in Africa

Perspectives on Politics ◽

10.1017/s1537592717002225 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 73-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Alice J. Kang ◽

Aili Mari Tripp

Keyword(s):

Armed Conflict ◽

International Aid ◽

Women's Movements ◽

Comparative Case Study ◽

Gender Quotas ◽

Recent Scholarship ◽

Gender Quota ◽

Do So

We provide new theory and evidence of the role of domestic women’s coalitions in the adoption of gender quotas. Previous research has shown the importance of women’s movements to policy change. We show that specific types of mobilization, often multiethnic in character, are a more precise way of describing these influences. Using a new dataset of coalitions in 50 countries in Africa (1989–2014), we first examine where coalitions are likely to emerge. Controlling for factors that correlate with their formation, we find that when domestic women’s organizations form a coalition for quotas, governments are more likely to adopt them and do so more quickly. This correlation holds when controlling for international aid, involvement of international women’s movements, and whether countries recently emerged out of major armed conflict, complementing recent scholarship that highlights global influences. A comparative case study of the adoption of a gender quota in Senegal and non-adoption in Benin helps illustrate the nuances of the theory.

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