CONCEPTS AND APPLICATION OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE GOVERNMENT OF OMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ

The term Good Governance (an-Nizam al-Siyasah) is an Islamic concept in the implementation of good governance according to the Qur'an and Hadith. This concept was re-emerged by UNDP in 1990 which was implemented by Umar bin Abdul Aziz during the Umayyad dynasty, in balancing a synergistic and constructive relationship between the state, the private sector and society, through the principles of good governance applied by Umar bin Abdul Aziz: 1. tawhid, 2. Trust, 3. Deliberation, 4. Justice and Law Enforcement, 5. Equality, 6. Brotherhood, 7. Human Rights (HAM), 8. Effective and Efficient, 9. Social Supervision. Umar bin Abd Aziz's principles of good governance are in line with Islamic values, such as: Allah as the highest caliph, trustworthiness, deliberation, justice, equality, brotherhood, human rights, and commanding good and evil. In comparison, UNDP and LAN Good Governance have the following principles: participation, law enforcement, transparency, equality, responsiveness, effectiveness, professionalism, supervision. The principles of good governance of Umar bin Abdul Aziz associated with maqasid sharia are; the principle of tawhid according to maqasid shari'ah in the field of muhafazah ad-din (maintaining religion), the principle of trustworthiness and effectiveness and efficiency, including the category of muhafazah al-mal (protection of property). The application of deliberation, including the category of muhafazah al-aql (preservation of reason) and brotherhood is included in the category of muhafazah al-nasl (maintaining offspring). Human Rights (HAM) are included in the category of muhafazah al-nafs (protecting the soul). in line with the maqasid shari'ah al-Syatibi. If tawhid is connected with Imam Malik's istislahi theory, then this principle includes daruriyyah (principle), while justice and law enforcement, deliberation, trust, equality, brotherhood are included in the hajiyyah category. effective, efficient, social supervision is included in the category of taksiniyah. Then how is good governance implemented and how is it related to UNDP good governance. This is the study of this treatise as material to add to the treasures of knowledge in the state Abstrak: Istilah Good Governance (an-Nizam al-Siyasah) merupakan konsep Islam dalam pelaksanaan tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik sesuai al-Qur’an dan Hadits. Konsep ini dimunculkan kembali oleh UNDP pada 1990 yang pernah dilaksanakan Umar bin Abdul Aziz pada masa dinasti Umayyah, dalam menyeimbangkan hubungan yang sinergis dan konstruktif antara negara, sektor swasta dan masyarakat, melalui prinsip good governance yang diterapkan Umar bin Abdul Aziz: 1. tawhid, 2. Amanah, 3. Musyawarah, 4. Keadilan dan Penegakan Hukum, 5. Persamaan, 6. Persaudaraan, 7. Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), 8. Efektif dan Efisien, 9. Pengawasan Sosial. Prinsip-prinsip Good governance Umar bin Abd Aziz sejalan dengan tata nilai Islam, seperti: Allah sebagai khalifah tertinggi, amanah, musyawarah, keadilan, persamaan, persaudaraan, HAM, dan amar makruf nahi munkar. Sebagai bandingannya adalah Good Governance UNDP dan LAN memiliki prinsip sebagai berikut: partisipasi, penegakan hukum, transparansi, kesetaraan, daya tanggap, efektif, profesionalisme, pengawasan. Prinsip-prinsip good governance Umar bin Abdul Aziz diakaikan dengan maqasid syariah adalah; prinsip tawhid sesuai maqasid syari’ah bidang muhafazah ad-din (menjaga agama), prinsip amanah dan efektif serta efisien termasuk ketagori muhafazah al-mal (penjagaan harta). Penerapan musyawarah, termasuk kategori muhafazah al-aql (penjagaan akal) dan persaudaraan termasuk kategori muhafazah al-nasl (menjaga keturunan). Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) termasuk kategori muhafazah al-nafs (menjaga jiwa). sejalan dengan maqasid syari’ah al-Syatibi. Jika dihubungkan tawhid dengan teori istislahi Imam Malik maka prinsip ini termasuk daruriyyah (pokok), sementara keadilan dan penegakan hukum, musyawarah, amanah, persamaan, persaudaraan termasuk tingkatan kategori hajiyyah. efektif, efisien, pengawasan sosial termasuk kategori taksiniyah. Lalu bagaimanakah good governance ini diterapkan dan bagaimana hubungannya dengan good governance UNDP. Inilah kajian risalah ini sebagai bahan untuk menambah khazanah ilmu pengetahuan dalam bernegara. Kata Kunci: Tata Kelola, Konsep dan Aplikasi yang Baik, Pemerintahan Omar Bin Abdul Aziz

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES IN INDONESIA AND THE ISSUE OF PROPORTIONALITY IN FINE IMPLEMENTATION

This article discusses the imposition of fines for environmental crimes cases in Indonesia. Due to the absence of law, there are explanations gaps concerning indicators that can be considered when imposing fines on environmental crimes. This study discusses three research questions using the desk research: First, how has Indonesia regulated the application of fines for environmental crimes in Indonesia; Second, what are the indicators to be considered to determine proportional fines as sentencing for environmental crimes in Indonesia; and Third, how has Indonesia applied fines as sentencing for environmental crimes within Indonesian courts. In answering these questions, the study conducts a comparative analysis between the practices of the UK and Singapore regarding environmental crimes. The results of this study indicate that sentencing was ultimately imposed by fulfilling the elements required in the article, added with aggravating and mitigating factors associated with the facts in the trial. In addition, the judgment did not provide further explanation as to how the fine was determined. Therefore, this creates urgency for the Supreme Court to formulate a particular sentencing guideline for handling environmental crimes. The guideline must include provisions on what indicators and stages need to be considered by judges while imposing fine in factual cases. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang penjatuhan pidana denda dalam kasus tindak pidana lingkungan hidup di Indonesia, mengingat undang-undang tidak memberikan penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai indikator yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh hakim manakala menjatuhkan pidana denda dalam tindak pidana lingkungan hidup. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian normatif, penelitian ini membahas permasalahan yang dituangkan dalama tiga pertanyaan penelitian: Pertama, bagaimana pengaturan mengenai sanksi pidana denda dalam tindak pidana lingkungan hidup di Indonesia; Kedua, apa saja indikator yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk menentukan penjatuhan pidana denda yang proporsional dalam pemidanaan atas tindak pidana lingkungan hidup di Indonesia; dan Ketiga, bagaimana penerapan penjatuhan sanksi pidana denda tindak pidana lingkungan hidup dalam praktik peradilan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini turut membandingkan ketentuan, pedoman pemidanaan, dan penerapannya di Inggris dan Singapura terkait tindak pidana lingkungan hidup. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemidanaan dalam kasus pada akhirnya dijatuhkan dengan pemenuhan unsur-unsur pasal semata, ditambah dengan faktor memberatkan dan meringankan yang dikaitkan dengan fakta dalam persidangan. Putusan Hakim juga tidak mencantumkan penjelasan lebih lanjut tentang bagaimana besaran pidana denda itu ditentukan. Karenanya, terdapat suatu urgensi bagi Mahkamah Agung untuk menyusun suatu pedoman pemidanaan khusus untuk penanganan tindak pidana lingkungan hidup. Pedoman pemidanaan ini mencakup ketentuan tentang indikator apa saja yang perlu dipertimbangkan oleh hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana beserta tahapan yang perlu dilalui dalam hal pemidanaan. Kata Kunci: pemidanaan, tindak pidana lingkungan hidup, pidana denda, proporsionalitas

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LEGISLATION PROCESS

The Indonesian legislative process in recent years has been facing various serious procedural flaws. Most notably illustrated by at least three contemporary cases, namely regarding the process of the second amendment to Law No. 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission (hereinafter referred to as the KPK Law); the third amendment to Law No. 24 of 2003 concerning the Constitutional Court (MK Law); and the formation of Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (Job Creation Law). The purpose of this paper is to see whether in practice, the legislative process in Indonesia has aligned itself with the fundamental principles of the legislative process and to see whether the legal framework regarding procedures during the law-making process are adequate. Through descriptive analytical research and comparative approach with the United Kingdom, this paper found that the Indonesian law-making process in practice is not in line with the fundamental principles of the legislative process. We also found that the legal framework regarding the procedure for making laws in Indonesia to be inadequate and therefore we suggest that it can draw some lessons from the practices of the British Parliament. Abstrak: Pembentukan undang-undang (UU) di Indonesia dalam beberapa tahun terakhir memiliki berbagai kecacatan prosedural yang serius. Kekacauan proses legislasi di Indonesia paling terang terilustrasikan jika melihat setidaknya tiga kasus kontemporer, yakni mengenai proses pembentukan UU No. 19 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas UU No. 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi (selanjutnya disebut UU KPK), UU No. 7 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas UU No. 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi (UU MK), dan UU No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Cipta Kerja). Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk melihat apakah dalam praktik, proses pembentukan UU di Indonesia telah menyelaraskan diri dengan prinsip-prinsip fundamental proses pembentukan undang-undang dan melihat apakah pranata hukum prosedural yang berlaku telah memadai. Melalui spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis dan pendekatan perbandingan hukum dengan Britania Raya, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia belum selaras dengan prinsip-prinsip fundamental proses pembentukan undang-undang. Pranata hukum mengenai prosedur pembentukan UU yang ada di Indonesia juga kami temukan belum memadai dan oleh karenanya dapat mengambil beberapa pelajaran dari praktik Parlemen Britania Raya. Kata Kunci: Fast-Track Legislation, Omnibus Law, Pembentukan Undang-Undang, Perbandingan Hukum, Prinsip Prosedural

MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN INDONESIA: WHAT DOES THE 1945 CONSTITUTION INTEND?

The character of the current local government in Indonesia is moving forward to re-centralisation instead of decentralisation. Meanwhile, some comparative studies on models of local governments are catching eyes as they attempt to systemise a classification. This paper aims to describe a legal doctrinal assessment of the model of local government in Indonesia. It also gives some options for a separate comparative study, if it needs an ‘apple to apple’ or an inspiring object of study, to achieve the purposes of comparison for better legislation constituting local government in Indonesia. In doing so, the previous studies on global models of local government are examined to assess the current Indonesian legislations, covering the nature of the legal entity, source of authority and financial, organisation, and the extent in making the decision. This study points that the recent model of local government in Indonesia is a hybrid system, which implies close to Franco rather than the Anglo model, with certain specifications. However, the 1945 Constitution contains some future and global values without disregarding the root of local government function in the community. Therefore, the study considers the normative model of local government in Indonesia inconsistent with the legal policy in the 1945 Constitution. It is then considerable if an amendment of the local government Act is an option to re-modify the model of local government, which can reflect the ideas in the Constitution and is not left behind the global trends. Abstrak: Karakter Pemerintahan Daerah yang Nampak hari ini di Indonesia lebih mengarah pada re-sentralisasi daripada desentralisasi. Sementara itu, beberapa kajian perbandingan mengenai model-model pemerintahan daerah cukup menarik untuk dapat dilihat bagaimana untuk mengklasifikasi suatu sistematisasi. Dalam tulisan ini hendak dipaparkan sudut pandang yuridis-normatif terhadap model Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia. Termasuk di dalamnya terdapat suatu pilihan untuk studi perbandingan, apakah dibutuhkan syarat suatu kesetaraan atau syarat suatu objek kajian yang dapat mengispirasi, untuk mencapai tujuan perbandingan yaitu penyempurnaan suatu hukum yang mengatur Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia. Untuk itu, kajian-kajian terdahulu mengenai model-model Pemerintahan Daerah secara global telah ditelaah berikutnya sebagai bahan untuk dapat mencermati peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, yang meliputi makna entitas hukumnya, sumber kewenangan dan keuangan, kelembagaan dan sejauh mana untuk menentukan keputusan. Ditemukan bahwa model Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesa merupakan system hybrid, yang lebih mendekati model Franco dibandingkan dengan model Anglo beserta spesifikasi di dalamnya. Bagaimanapun, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 berisi nilai-nilai masa depan dan global tanpa mengesampingkan akar dari fungsi Pemerintahan Daerah di masyarakat. Dengan patokan seperti itu, model normatif Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia tidak sejalan dengan dengan gagasan dalam UUD 1945. Maka dari itu, suatu perubahan terhadap Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah dipandang sebagai suatu upaya yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk re-modifikasi model Pemerintahan Daeeah dapat mencerminkan gagasan dalam Konstitusi tanpa tertinggal oleh kecenderungan global. Kata Kunci: Perbandingan Pemerintahan Daerah, Desentralisasi, Model Pemerintahan Daerag, UUD 1945 Negara Republik Indonesia

THE PROSPECT OF CHANNELING DISPUTE BETWEEN LABOUR AND FOREIGN INVESTOR

The recent trend of international investment agreement (IIA) is the termination of bilateral investment treaties, although on the other direction, free trade agreement with investment chapter is growing in numbers. Most of the reason of the termination is because of the unbalance position between two parties in the agreement. Added to the problem is the investor-state dispute resolution which made possible for the investor to bring claim to the host state government. The IIA was constructed to provide a protection for the investor from unfair treatment from the host country, however in the end the one who treated unfairly was the host country. The multinationals corporation, as prominent actors in global FDI, changed the way of production chain which then substituted their presence within the host country and replaced it by a third-party for supplying the MNC’s need. Many cases regarding violations of labour rights happened because of this production chain model. However, the MNCs denied the responsibility and argued that the supplier should take the responsibility based on the production chain model. This paper will explain on why IIA is not an effective channel to solve labour dispute and that National Contact Point established by OECD as one of options available for this type of dispute. Abstrak: Trend perjanjian investasi internasional pada saat ini adalah banyaknya negara yang kemudian menterminasi perjanjian investasi yang mereka pernah buat, walaupun di sisi lain perjanjian perdagangan bebas yang mengandung ketentuan investasi semakin bertambah. Alasan terbanyak dari terminasi perjanjian ini adalah karena tidak seimbangnya kedudukan dari kedua belah pihak dalam perjanjian. Satu hal yang juga dianggap masalah adalah dengan adanya penyelesaian sengketa investor dan negara yang memungkinkan bagi investor untuk menggugat pemerintah dari negara tempat investasi itu dilakukan. Perjanjian investasi internasional memang dikonstruksikan untuk memberikan perlindungan bagi investor dari perlakuan yang tidak adil pemerintah negara tempat investasi dilakukan, tetapi pada akhirnya negaralah yang menjadi korban. Perusahaan multinasional sebagai pemain utama dalam investasi global, mengubah rantai produksi dimana mereka sebelumnya memiliki perusahaan pada negara tempat investasi dilakukan, menjadi pihak ketiga untuk memasok kebutuhan perusahan multinasional ini. Banyak kasus pelanggaran hak tenaga kerja akibat dari model rantai produksi ini. Tetapi perusahaan nasional kemudian menolak untuk bertanggung jawab dan berargumen bahwa pemasok lah yang seharusnya bertanggung jawab didasarkan pada model rantai produksi yang mereka lakukan. Artikel ini akan menjelaskan kenapa perjanjian investasi internasional bukanlah saluran yang tepat untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tenaga kerja dan bahwa National Contact Point yang didirikan oleh OECD adalah satu pilihan untuk penyelesaian sengketa ini. Kata Kunci: Penyaluran Sengketa, Investor Internasional, Hukum Ketenagakerjaan

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS TO STRENGTHEN INDONESIAN PALM OIL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INDONESIAN SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL (ISPO)

The palm oil development provides many advantages for Indonesia. One of which is that the development of Indonesian palm oil came fast and contributed a lot to the country's economic sectors. There are also other organic oil-based, such as jatropha, camelina, soybean and rapeseed. However, compared the palm oil to the other base of the organic oil materials, palm oil price outperforms the others oil-based because of the stability of the palm oil price. Palm oil benefits the Indonesian economy and the triple bottom line of John Elkington: people, planet, and profit. However, there is a critical issue with palm oil production. Its production is believed not to apply sustainability principles. Thus, it can damage and ruin the natural environment in Indonesia; for example, it damaged the area where the Sumatran tiger, Sumatran Orang Utan, and Borneo Orang Utan lived. Through the ministry of agriculture, the government established Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) to answer this critical issue and recover the sustainability aspect of Indonesian palm oil. Abstrak: Indonesia beruntung karena dapat menikmati berbagai manfaat dari pembangunan kelapa sawit yang merupakan salah satu ciri dan keuntungan tersendiri yang Indonesia miliki, pembangunan kelapa sawit Indonesia sangat cepat dan pesat serta memberikan kontribusi yang tinggi terhadap negara melalui sektor ekonomi, jika dibandingkan dengan minyak nabati lainnya seperti : jathropa, camelina, soy bean dan rapeseed, kelapa sawit lebih unggul dari segi ekonomi yang mana dari segi harga lebih stabil jika dibandingkan minyak nabati dengan bahan baku lainnya. Minyak kelapa sawit memberikan berbagai manfaat bagi Indonesia selain daripada ekonomi juga terhadap triple bottom line sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh John Elkongton yakni people, planet dan profit sehingga dalam pemanfaatannya memberikan dampak yang baik meski begitu tetap saja dihadapkan dengan berbagai critical issue mengenai kelapa sawit. Dalam kegiatan produksi kelapa sawit diyakini bahwa belum mengedepankan aspek keberlanjutan yang kemudian berdampak terhadap kerusakan lingkungan di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Indonesia, ISPO, Pembangunan Kelapa Sawit, Aspek Keberlanjutan, Triple Bottom Line

NAVIGATING THE WATERS: INTERNATIONAL LAW, ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Over the years, the relationship between the environment and human rights has received global attention. The connection between the individuals, environment and international law is indispensable. However, domestic environmental activities and globalisation set domino effects on climate change where the actions within one jurisdiction affect the environment of neighbouring states. Sovereignty, state obligations and human rights are instruments that can regulate the protection of the environment. Set against this background, this paper will assess the contribution of international law to the protection of the environment, particularly the extent of enforceability of general state obligations through the 'no harm rule.' Arguably, transboundary harm is inevitable in most environmental activities. Therefore, the engaging state is obligated to take measures known as due diligence to regulate the transfer of transboundary harm. The threshold for these environmental activities is significant transboundary harm. In addition, it is observed that there is a limit to which state can be held accountable for violations of human rights where corporate actors, through their business activities, have contravened human rights. Hence, through case analysis, this paper examines the extent of corporate legal accountability for environmental degradation. Abstrak: Selama bertahun-tahun, hubungan antara lingkungan dan hak asasi manusia telah mendapat perhatian global. Hubungan antara individu, lingkungan dan hukum internasional sangat diperlukan. Namun, kegiatan lingkungan domestik dan globalisasi memberikan efek domino pada perubahan iklim di mana tindakan dalam satu yurisdiksi mempengaruhi lingkungan negara tetangga. Kedaulatan, kewajiban negara, dan hak asasi manusia merupakan instrumen yang dapat mengatur perlindungan lingkungan hidup. Dengan latar belakang ini, artikel ini akan menilai kontribusi hukum internasional terhadap perlindungan lingkungan, khususnya sejauh mana keberlakuan kewajiban negara secara umum melalui 'aturan yang tidak merugikan', karena kerusakan lintas batas tidak dapat dihindari di sebagian besar kegiatan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, negara yang terlibat wajib mengambil langkah-langkah yang dikenal sebagai uji tuntas untuk mengatur pengalihan bahaya lintas batas. Ambang batas untuk kegiatan lingkungan ini adalah bahaya lintas batas yang sangat penting. Selain itu, terlihat adanya batasan dimana negara dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban atas pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang dilakukan korporasi, melalui kegiatan usahanya, yang telah melanggar hak asasi manusia. Oleh karena itu, melalui analisis kasus, artikel ini mengkaji sejauh mana akuntabilitas hukum korporasi atas kerusakan lingkungan. Kata Kunci: Kedaulatan, Uji Tuntas, Lingkungan, Hak Asasi Manusia, Tanggung Jawab Negara, Hukum Internasional

ANALYSIS OF ABSOLUTE COMPETENCE OF DISTRICT COURTS AND SYARI’AH COURTS IN ADJUDICATING JARIMAH OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN ACEH

The District Court and Syari’ah Court (Mahkamah Syar’iyah) jurisdictions to deal with child sexual abuse cases have still overlapped. This issue generates legal uncertainty in the enforcement of Jinayat Law in Aceh. This study aims to analyze the resolution patterns over child sexual abuse cases in Aceh, the resolution patterns over child sexual abuse cases at District Courts, and the efforts to solve dualism issues of the courts in trying child sexual abuse cases in Aceh. This study employed a juridical-empirical method that attempts to analyze behaviors of law enforcement officials in handling sexual abuse cases in Aceh using case and statute approaches based on the rules and principles of law studies. The legal materials utilized in this study were Law, Qanun, Government Regulation, and Syari’ah Court and District Court Decisions. Data were analyzed qualitatively. The findings reveal that both District Courts and Syari’ah Courts still settle sexual abuse cases. The results also point out that the resolution patterns in adjudicating sexual abuse cases at District Courts are categorized into adult offenders and young offenders. The provisions stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) are applied for adult offenders, while the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law is regulated for young offenders. The efforts to overcome dualism are generating new policies by the Supreme Court to delegate the authority to solve sexual abuse cases and other jinayat cases from District Courts to Syari’ah Courts, and the issuance of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Aceh Syari’ah Courts, Aceh Regional Police, Aceh High Prosecutor’s Office, and Aceh High Court governing the authorization limits over the settlement of jinayat cases.

NATIONALISM IN A STATE BASED ON PANCASILA

We certainly know how lately nationalism in our society seems to be fading. This is partly due to the large number of outside influences that continue to erode the nation's culture that has been passed down by the ancestors of the Indonesian nation. The efforts to foster nationalism based on Pancasila are efforts to manifest love for this nation which is the great consensus of the founders of the Indonesian nation. Pancasila is the embodiment of devotion, tolerance, mutual cooperation and noble values ​​adhered to by the Indonesian nation, which recently faded along with the strengthening of the issue of SARA, differences in political views, separatist movements, acts of terror, and violence against fellow children of other nations. This shows the instability of national and state life that is no longer based on Pancasila. If this continues without any real effort to revive the pillars of Pancasila, then this condition can endanger the survival of the nation and state. The values ​​of nationalism must again become the main choice for integrating Indonesian society which has been divided by the conflict or friction that occurs in society. Nationalism does not distinguish the components of the nation based on groups or others, but rather the unity and integrity of the nation which is built from the diversity of its citizens. The spirit of nationalism needs to be revived again for all citizens to strengthen the life of the nation and state so that the interests of groups who want this nation to be destroyed and divided are not easily overtaken. The history of the nation has proven that with strong nationalism this nation can become independent and manage its own life. Keywords: Pancasila, Nationalism, Citizen, Indonesian Abstrak: Kita tentu tahu bagaimana belakangan ini nasionalisme dalam masyarakat kita seolah kian memudar. Hal ini antara lain disebabkan banyaknya pengaruh dari luar yang terus menggerus budaya bangsa yang telah diwariskan oleh nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia. Upaya menumbuhkan nasionalisme berlandaskan Pancasila adalah upaya perwujudan kecintaan kepada bangsa ini yang merupakan konsensus agung para pendiri bangsa Indonesia. Pancasila adalah perwujudan pengabdian, toleransi, gotong royong dan nilai-nilai luhur yang dianut bangsa Indonesia, yang belakangan memudar seiring menguatnya isu SARA, perbedaan pandangan politik, gerakan separatis, aksi teror, dan kekerasan terhadap sesama anak bangsa lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan akan adanya instabilitas kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara yang tidak lagi melandaskan pada Pancasila. Bila hal ini terus berlangsung tanpa ada upaya nyata untuk kembali menghidupkan pilar-pilar Pancasila, maka kondisi ini akan membahayakan keberlangsungan hidup berbangsa dan bernegara. Nilai-nilai nasionalisme haruslah kembali menjadi pilihan utama untuk mengintegrasikan masyarakat Indonesia yang telah terpecah belah dengan adanya konflik maupun gesekan yang terjadi di masyarakat. Nasionalisme tidak membedakan komponen bangsa berdasarkan golongan ataupun lainnya, melainkan persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa yang dibangun dari keberagaman warga negaranya. Semangat nasionalisme perlu digelorakan lagi bagi seluruh warga negara untuk memperkokoh kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara agar tidak mudah ditunggangi kepentingan kelompok-kelompok yang menginginkan bangsa ini hancur dan terpecah belah. Sejarah bangsa telah membuktikan, dengan nasionalisme yang kokoh bangsa ini dapat merdeka dan mengatur kehidupannya sendiri.

THE DUTCH COLONIAL ECONOMIC’S POLICY ON NATIVES LAND PROPERTY OF INDONESIA

This paper analyzes the historical shifts of land property rights in Indonesia's archipelago and how new land laws were formed, especially during the Dutch colonization era. After the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) established in the 18th century and proclaimed itself as a sovereign landlord over the East Indies (Indonesia), the role of indigenous law (adat law) and its rights to lands have diminished by a new form of law namely the European law system (the civil code). By adopting the European civil code, the colonial Dutch declared all uncertified lands and all forests’ resources were the Dutch colonial State's property and to be managed by the colonial authority [State’s domain]. For Adat peoples, these rights belong to them, either as individuals or as groups, and it had been recognized by their customary law (adat law) legally, which they have had since their ancestors inhabited within the land, territories, and resources. Further significant impact toward the adat rights to land, when the Agrarian Act (agrarisch wet) applied in 1870 by the colonial government, had severely impacted towards the land right of indigenous peoples in Indonesia, by which most of them had lost their adat property right to lands and forest resources. In contrast, the Dutch colonial State was gained millions of guldens for economic profit from the expropriation of the native land and from unpaid native slaves who worked in the Dutch plantation sectors.