scholarly journals Once a Criminal Always a Criminal? A 15-Year Analysis of Recidivism Among Female Prisoners in Massachusetts

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ellen Mastrorilli ◽  
Maureen Norton-Hawk ◽  
Nicole Usher
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Valuable Addition ◽  
Correctional Programming ◽  
Youthful Offenders ◽  
The Life Course

<p>The study of prisoner recidivism has long captured the interest of criminal justice researchers. Recidivism studies attempt to answer a variety of questions ranging from what are the characteristics of those who reoffend, what factors predict offender recidivism, and how long does a recidivist remain in the community before finding themselves in conflict with the law again. Unlike many studies that examine recidivism over a relatively short term – three to five years, this study investigates recidivism over a 15-year period among a group of female offenders released from a Massachusetts prison in 1995. Findings point to three propositions moving forward. First, correctional programming geared specifically toward youthful offenders might be necessary to promote desistance over the life course. Second, offender monitoring and accountability up to 36 months after release from incarceration may reduce the risk of re-offending. Third, studies with a follow-up period of ten years would be a valuable addition to the recidivism literature to advance our understanding of chronic offending among women.</p>

scholarly journals Work Participation among Women and Men in Sweden: A Register Study of 8.5 Million Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4642
Author(s):  
Katriina Heikkilä ◽  
Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz ◽  
Kristina Alexanderson ◽  
Marianna Virtanen
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
The Life Course

Observational research studies from various countries suggest that women’s working patterns across the life course are often fragmented compared to men’s. The aim of our investigation was to use nationwide register data from Sweden to examine the extent to which generation and time of entry to the work force explain the sex differences in work participation across the life course. Our analyses were based on individual-level data on 4,182,581 women and 4,279,571 men, who were 19–69 years old and resident in Sweden in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, or 2015. Data on income and number of net days on disability pension, obtained from multiple linked registers, were used to ascertain each individual’s main activity (in paid work, on disability pension, and not in paid work) each year. Years in paid work and on disability pension were calculated as the sums of years spent in either of these states from age 19 to 69 years. We used negative binomial regression to model the associations of generation and baseline year with years in paid work and years on disability pension. All models were run separately for women and men, with the duration of follow-up constrained to one, to account for the different follow-up times between individuals. Overall, the number of years in paid work across the life course was larger among men than women, and men entered into the workforce earlier. The difference between women and men was similar across generations and time periods. Adjustment for education, income, number of children aged <18 years living at home, country of birth, and the type of residential area had minimal impact on the estimates. Our findings suggest that women spend fewer years in paid work across the life course than men, highlighting the need for continued efforts to close the gender gap in work participation.

scholarly journals Persistent short-term imprisonment: Belonging as a lens to understand its shifting meanings over the life course

Incarceration ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 263266632198901
Author(s):  
Marguerite Schinkel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Looking Back

This article takes a life-course perspective to the meaning of persistent short-term imprisonment and introduces the significance of ‘penal careers’. Examining a total of 62 interviews with men and women in Scotland with long careers of (progression through) criminal punishment, it uses to the concept of belonging as a lens to interpret their experiences. While some participants already felt early on in their career that they belonged in prison because of their shared characteristics with other prisoners, the repetition of imprisonment meant that they increasingly felt displaced from life outside and saw life in prison as ‘easier’ and ‘safer’. Nevertheless, looking back on their many sentences, they felt their cumulative meaning was ‘a waste of life’. The article concludes by considering steps towards tackling the conditions that create this sense of belonging in a place of punishment.

Cumulative Disadvantage in the American Criminal Justice System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Kurlychek ◽  
Brian D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Case Processing ◽  
Cumulative Disadvantage ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Criminal Case Processing

Research on inequality in punishment has a long and storied history, yet the overwhelming focus has been on episodic disparity in isolated stages of criminal case processing (e.g., arrest, prosecution, or sentencing). Although theories of cumulative disadvantage exist in criminology, they are seldom adapted to account for treatment in the criminal justice system. We provide an overview of the concept of cumulative disadvantage in the life course and review evidence on the development of cumulative disadvantages across stages of the criminal justice system. In doing so, we appraise the empirical research on policing, prosecution, and the courts and consider how these largely separate bodies of scholarship are inherently connected. We conclude with a call for future research that focuses more explicitly on the ways that life-course disadvantages shape contact with the criminal justice system and how these processes work to perpetuate patterns of disadvantage within the system and in subsequent life outcomes.

scholarly journals Age Effect on the Bidirectional Relations Between Alcohol Consumption and Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 289-289
Author(s):  
Matthew Lee ◽  
Kenneth Sher ◽  
Ellen Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Bidirectional Association ◽  
Bidirectional Relations ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Alcohol consumption reduces but pain rises over the life course. Thus, we hypothesized that developmental variability in the bidirectional association between alcohol consumption and pain would vary as a function of age. This hypothesis was tested across three age groups – younger (&lt;29), middle (29-65), and older (&gt;65) using NESARC wave 1 and 2 data (N=34,653). The effect of pain interference at baseline on alcohol consumption at follow-up was non-significant across the age groups, indicating that self-medication theory was unsupported. The effect of alcohol consumption at baseline on pain interference at follow-up was significant among the middle (Estimate -.007, p=.002) and older (Estimate -.019, p&lt;.001) groups, but non-significant among the younger group. This latter effect differed significantly between the younger and older groups (p =.005) and the middle and older groups (p=.041). Results show that alcohol consumption reduces pain interference, especially later in life.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic position over the life course from childhood and smoking status in mid-adulthood: results from a 25-year follow-up study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Tian ◽  
Seana Gall ◽  
Kira Patterson ◽  
Petr Otahal ◽  
Leigh Blizzard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Life Course

scholarly journals The Life Course of Young Male and Female Offenders

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Bäckman ◽  
Felipe Estrada ◽  
Anders Nilsson ◽  
David Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Female Offenders ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Life Course
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