OCCURRENCE OF PSYLLIDS IN APPLE ORCHARDS AND TRANSMISSION OF APPLE PROLIFERATION BY CACOPSYLLA PICTA (SYN. C. COSTALIS) IN GERMANY

2004 ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Seemüller ◽  
E. Dickler ◽  
C. Berwarth ◽  
W. Jelkmann
Keyword(s):  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta

Substrate-Borne Vibrational Communication in the Vector of Apple Proliferation Disease Cacopsylla picta (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 596-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Oppedisano ◽  
Jernej Polajnar ◽  
Rok Kostanjšek ◽  
Antonio De Cristofaro ◽  
Claudio Ioriatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Communication ◽  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
New Information ◽  
Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
Vibrational Signals

Abstract Cacopsylla picta (Förster, 1848) (Hemiptera: Pysllidae) is the main vector of apple proliferation, a phytoplasma-caused disease. It represents one of the most severe problems in apple orchards, and therefore, there is a mandatory requirement to chemically treat against this pest in the European Union. Sexual communication using substrate-borne vibrations was demonstrated in several psyllid species. Here, we report the characteristics of the vibrational signals emitted by C. picta during courtship behavior. The pair formation process can be divided into two main phases: identification and courtship. Females initiate the communication on the host plant by emitting trains of vibrational pulses and, during courtship, if males reply, by emitting a signal consisting of a series of pre-pulses and a ‘buzz’, a duet is established. Moreover, a scanning electron microscopy investigation showed the presence of a stridulatory structure on the thorax and wings of both sexes, whereas the video recordings elucidated associated wing movement. The results provide new information about the biology of this phytoplasma vector and could form a basis of an environmentally friendly pest management strategy.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Spread of Apple Proliferation by Its Vector Cacopsylla picta

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Jarausch ◽  
Nora Schwind ◽  
Annette Fuchs ◽  
Wolfgang Jarausch
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Northern Switzerland ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali

The distribution and natural phytoplasma infection of Cacopsylla picta were investigated during a long-term field survey between 2002 and 2009 in commercial and abandoned apple proliferation-infected orchards throughout Germany, northern Switzerland, and eastern France. Comparable population dynamics were described for the different sites whereas considerable variations in the absolute population densities were observed among the years. Individual polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing revealed, for each year, a rather stable natural infection rate with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ of ≈10% for overwintered adults of C. picta. Both genders were equally highly infected although more females were caught. The overall male/female ratio was 1:1.5. No direct correlation was found between the infection status of the orchard and the infection rate of overwintered C. picta. No influence of agricultural practices was seen. However, a relationship between the incidence of the disease and the vector population density became evident on a regional scale. Successful transmission of ‘Ca. P. mali’ occurred each year with overwintered individuals as well as with new adults. The transmission efficiency varied among the years within 8 to 45% for overwintered adults and 2 to 20% for individuals of the new generation. The load of single C. picta with ‘Ca. P. mali’ was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. High phytoplasma titers were measured in overwintered adults already at their first appearance in the orchards after remigration from their overwintering hosts. Thus, the data indicate the transmission of the disease on a regional scale by remigrant adults of C. picta and at a local scale within the same season by emigrant adults which developed on infected plants.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics of Cacopsylla melanoneura (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Northeast Italy and Its Role in the Apple Proliferation Epidemiology in Apple Orchards

2012 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Tedeschi ◽  
Mario Baldessari ◽  
Valerio Mazzoni ◽  
Federica Trona ◽  
Gino Angeli
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Cacopsylla Melanoneura

AVAILABLE WAYS TO OPTIMIZE SOIL PROPERTIES IN APPLE ORCHARDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
V.L. Zakharov ◽  
◽  
G.N. Pugachev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Apple Orchards

Seasonal wound presence and susceptibility to Neonectria ditissima infection in New Zealand apple trees

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.T. Amponsah ◽  
M. Walter R.M. Beresford ◽  
R.W.A. Scheper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Leaf Scar ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Different Types

Leaf scar wounds are important sites for Neonectria ditissima infection of apple trees Monitoring leaf fall in Scilate/Envy and Braeburn trees to estimate leaf scar wound presence showed maximum leaf scar incidence occurred in June (early winter) Wounds detected in New Zealand apple orchards were bud scale scars fruit thinning and picking wounds leaf scars and pruning cuts Picking wounds are caused during harvest where the pedicel is detached from the shoot Susceptibility of these different types of wounds was determined using artificial inoculation of N ditissima conidia during the season Pruning cut wounds were the most susceptible followed by fruit picking and thinning wounds and the least susceptible were leaf scar wounds No infections were observed when bud scale wounds were inoculated There was no difference in wound susceptibility between cultivars but overall Scilate/Envy wounds developed more lesions than Braeburn wounds

scholarly journals Phytoplasma occurrence in apple trees in the Czech Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fialová ◽  
M. Navrátil ◽  
P. Válová
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Phytoplasma Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The presence of phytoplasmas in apple trees with proliferation symptoms, rubbery wood symptoms and no symp­toms was determined by using polymerase chain reaction assays with primers amplifying phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. Phytoplasmas were detected in all trees with proliferation symptoms. Positive tests for phytoplasma in the group of trees with rubbery wood symptoms and of those without symptoms revealed a relatively high incidence of latent phytoplasma infection. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, phytoplasma of the same identity – apple proliferation phytoplasma (subgroup 16SrX-A) – was recorded in all positively tested trees.  

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