scholarly journals Characteristics of the Spread of Apple Proliferation by Its Vector Cacopsylla picta

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Jarausch ◽  
Nora Schwind ◽  
Annette Fuchs ◽  
Wolfgang Jarausch
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Northern Switzerland ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali

The distribution and natural phytoplasma infection of Cacopsylla picta were investigated during a long-term field survey between 2002 and 2009 in commercial and abandoned apple proliferation-infected orchards throughout Germany, northern Switzerland, and eastern France. Comparable population dynamics were described for the different sites whereas considerable variations in the absolute population densities were observed among the years. Individual polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing revealed, for each year, a rather stable natural infection rate with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ of ≈10% for overwintered adults of C. picta. Both genders were equally highly infected although more females were caught. The overall male/female ratio was 1:1.5. No direct correlation was found between the infection status of the orchard and the infection rate of overwintered C. picta. No influence of agricultural practices was seen. However, a relationship between the incidence of the disease and the vector population density became evident on a regional scale. Successful transmission of ‘Ca. P. mali’ occurred each year with overwintered individuals as well as with new adults. The transmission efficiency varied among the years within 8 to 45% for overwintered adults and 2 to 20% for individuals of the new generation. The load of single C. picta with ‘Ca. P. mali’ was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. High phytoplasma titers were measured in overwintered adults already at their first appearance in the orchards after remigration from their overwintering hosts. Thus, the data indicate the transmission of the disease on a regional scale by remigrant adults of C. picta and at a local scale within the same season by emigrant adults which developed on infected plants.

scholarly journals Cacopsylla melanoneura Has No Relevance as Vector of Apple Proliferation in Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph J. Mayer ◽  
Barbara Jarausch ◽  
Wolfgang Jarausch ◽  
Wilhelm Jelkmann ◽  
Andreas Vilcinskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Northern Switzerland ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
Cacopsylla Melanoneura ◽  
Different Populations

Long-term field surveys on the distribution and natural infection rates of Cacopsylla melanoneura were carried out in commercial and abandoned apple-proliferation-infected orchards throughout Germany, northern Switzerland, and eastern France. Although the infection rates of some orchards reached up to 80%, only 0.09% of all C. melanoneura collected on apple were infected by the pathogen ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’. Despite higher population densities, no infected individual was found on wild hawthorn. Individuals of C. melanoneura were not able to transmit phytoplasmas to healthy plants, and even the acquisition of ‘Ca. P. mali’ from infected plants was very inefficient. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the very few infected individuals of C. melanoneura harbored phytoplasma concentrations 10,000 times lower than individuals of C. picta, the main vector species in Germany. Oviposition bioassays showed that hawthorn is the preferred reproduction host plant for C. melanoneura in Germany, not apple. Because hawthorn is not a suitable host plant for ‘Ca. P. mali’, it does not play a role in the spread of apple proliferation. In contrast to data reported from northwestern Italy, C. melanoneura developed on either apple or hawthorn has no relevance as a vector of apple proliferation in Germany. The existence of epidemiologically different populations is proposed.

scholarly journals Surveying Potential Vectors of Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma: Faunistic Analysis and Infection Status of Selected Auchenorrhyncha Species

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Stefanie Fischnaller ◽  
Martin Parth ◽  
Manuel Messner ◽  
Robert Stocker ◽  
Christine Kerschbamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
South Tyrol ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
Cacopsylla Melanoneura

Apple proliferation (AP) is one of the economically most important diseases in European apple cultivation. The disease is caused by the cell-wall-less bacterium ’ Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, which is transmitted by Cacopsylla picta (Foerster) and Cacopsylla melanoneura (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). In South Tyrol (Italy), severe outbreaks were documented since the 1990s. Infestation rates of AP do not always correlate with the population densities of the confirmed vectors, implying the presence of other, so far unknown, hemipterian vectors. By elucidating the species community of Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) at a regional scale, more than 31,000 specimens were captured in South Tyrolean apple orchards. The occurrence of 95 species was confirmed, whereas fourteen species are new records for this territory. Based on the faunistical data, more than 3600 individuals out of 25 species were analyzed using quantitative PCR to assess the presence of AP phytoplasma. The pathogen was sporadically detected in some individuals of different species, for example in Stictocephala bisonia Kopp and Yonk (Hemiptera: Membracidae). However, the concentration of phytoplasma was much lower than in infected C. picta and C. melanoneura captured in the same region, confirming the role of the latter mentioned psyllids as the main insect vectors of AP- phytoplasma in South Tyrol.

scholarly journals Apple Proliferation Resistance in Apomictic Rootstocks and Its Relationship to Phytoplasma Concentration and Simple Sequence Repeat Genotypes

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bisognin ◽  
B. Schneider ◽  
H. Salm ◽  
M. S. Grando ◽  
W. Jarausch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dna Typing ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Apple Proliferation ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
High Level ◽  
Simple Sequence

In an effort to select and characterize apple rootstock resistant to apple proliferation (AP), progenies from seven apomictic rootstock selections and their parental apomictic species, Malus sieboldii and M. sargentii, were compared to standard stocks M 9 and M 11. Seedlings derived from open pollinated mother plants were grafted with cv. Golden Delicious and grown under natural infection conditions. The progenies differed greatly in resistance to the AP agent ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’. Progenies of M. sieboldii and its descendent rootstock selections D2212, 4608, 4551, and D1131 showed a high level of resistance, whereas progenies of M. sargentii and its descendent selections D1111 and C1828 proved susceptible. M 9 and M 11 showed an intermediate level of resistance. Phytoplasma titer in roots of the M. sieboldii and M. sargentii progeny groups was similarly low, whereas the concentration in the standard stocks was 100 to 5,000 times higher. In trees on most of the resistant stocks, only a minority was colonized in the scion, while in trees on susceptible and standard stocks, infection rate was often higher. Also, the titer in the top of trees on resistant stocks was usually lower than in trees on susceptible and standard stocks. Four progenies derived from open pollinated M. sieboldii and M. sieboldii descendents were subjected to DNA typing using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. This study revealed that the selected groups consisted mainly of mother-like plants (apomicts) and type I hybrids (unreduced mother genotype plus one male allele at each locus). Type II hybrids (full recombinants) and autopollinated offspring were rare. In the 4608 progeny, trees grown on type I hybrid rootstocks were significantly less affected than trees on mother-like stocks. In other progenies with fewer or no type I hybrids, trees on type II hybrids and autopollinated offspring suffered considerably more from disease than trees on mother-like stocks.

AMMONIA EMISSION FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN POLAND ON A REGIONAL SCALE

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Jarosz ◽  
Antoni Faber
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
National Centre

The aim of the study was to present ammonia emissions from animal production on a regional scale in 2016. Emission estimates in particular regions were based on methodology developed by EEA in 2016 and applied in Poland by The National Centre for Emissions Management (NCEM). The conducted analyses were based on the size of livestock population, farming system and emission factors at every stage of manure management. The analysis showed substantial spatial differentiation of ammonia emissions from animal production. Voivodships that accounted for the biggest share in emissions from cattle farming were as follows: Mazowieckie, Podlaskie and Wielkopolskie. Estimated emissions in these voivodships amounted to: 47.4, 32.8 and 21.7 Gg NH3, respectively. The highest levels of ammonia emissions from pig production were identified in the region of Wielkopolska. Ammonia emissions in this voivodship amounted to 16.2 Gg NH3. The Wielkopolska region is also distinguished by the highest ammonia emissions from poultry production. The emissions equaled 11.4 Gg NH3 and accounted for 24.1% of total emissions in this region. The realization of reduction commitments for ammonia imposed by the NEC Directive depends on the introduction of a set of changes in livestock production: regarding the housing method, animal nutrition, fertilizer storage and application as well as dissemination of good agricultural practices aiming at ammonia emission reduction.

A Study of the Sandfly Population in Endemic Foci of Infantile Kala-azar in Italy

1931 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Adler ◽  
O. Theodor
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Kala Azar

The sandflies of the two largest Italian foci of visceral leishmaniasis, Naples and Catania, were studied.The following species were found : P. papatasii, P. perniciosus, P. sergenti, P. vesuvianus, sp. n., P. parroti var. italicus var. n.P. papatasii and P. perniciosus are the commonest sandflies in the areas examined.Out of 1,547 ♀♀ dissected none showed a natural infection with Leishmania.P. papatasii was infected with Italian strains of L. infantum by feeding on cultures through membranes. The infection rate was low, but in contrast to Indian strains of L. donovani in the same sandfly, the infection once established did not die out.

scholarly journals Investigation on Prevalence of Sparganum mansoni Infection in Wild Frogs on Hainan Island of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruijia Fu ◽  
Pei Liang ◽  
Gang LU ◽  
Jinbao Gu ◽  
Dayong Wang
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
South China ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Open Wound ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The Mainland Of China

Abstract Background: Sparganosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis, which is mainly caused by ingesting or open-wound contact of the frog flesh infected by Sparganum mansoni, or even by intake of the water contaminated by the parasite. The purpose of the study was to explore the prevalence of sparganum infection in wild frogs distributed throughout the Hainan Island, which is the largest island of the mainland of China and located at the northwest of the South China Sea, and to analyze the risk in local populations to suffer from sparganosis.Methods: From 2018 to 2020, wild frogs were collected from rural ponds, rivers and farmlands in different cities and counties throughout the Hainan Island. After weighing and marking of the frogs, the sparganums were examined and isolated. The sites of the parasite and the number of infections of each frog were recorded and analyzed by statistics analysis.Results: A total of 1556 of wild frogs were examined and isolated. 201 wild frogs were found to be infected by sparganum, and the natural infection rate of sparganum in wild frogs was 12.92% (201/1556). There were 612 sparganums found in the frogs, and the average was 3.04 per frog, while the highest infection rate of wild frogs was in Baoting, up to 32.93% (27/82). The infection rate of sparganum in wild frogs in the central region of Hainan Island is higher than other regions. Most sparganums were located in the hind legs of frog, and the number of the sparganum infection in the frogs was not related to the species and weight of the frogs.Conclusions: On Hainan Island, sparganum infection in wild frogs is relatively common, and constitutes a potential threat to human. Effective measures should be taken to control the incidence of sparganosis.

scholarly journals Identification of Plant DNA in Adults of the Phytoplasma Vector Cacopsylla picta Helps Understanding Its Feeding Behavior

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Dana Barthel ◽  
Hannes Schuler ◽  
Jonas Galli ◽  
Luigimaria Borruso ◽  
Jacob Geier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Plant Dna ◽  
Cacopsylla Picta ◽  
Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽  
Deep Sequencing Technology ◽  
Phytoplasma Vector ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Phloem Feeding

Apple proliferation is an economically important disease and a threat for commercial apple cultivation. The causative pathogen, the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, is mainly transmitted by Cacopsylla picta, a phloem-feeding insect that develops on the apple tree (Malus spp.). To investigate the feeding behavior of adults of the phytoplasma vector Cacopsylla picta in more detail, we used deep sequencing technology to identify plant-specific DNA ingested by the insect. Adult psyllids were collected in different apple orchards in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of northern Italy. DNA from the whole body of the insect was extracted and analyzed for the presence of plant DNA by performing PCR with two plant-specific primers that target the chloroplast regions trnH-psbA and rbcLa. DNA from 23 plant genera (trnH) and four plant families (rbcLa) of woody and herbaceous plant taxa was detected. Up to six and three plant genera and families, respectively, could be determined in single specimens. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the feeding behavior of adult Cacopsylla picta.

scholarly journals Investigation of natural infection by Leishmania in sandflies of Paraná State, Southern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regiane Bertin de Lima Scodro ◽  
Kárin Rosi Reinhold-Castro ◽  
Alessandra de Cassia Dias-Sversutti ◽  
Herintha Coeto Neitzke-Abreu ◽  
Norberto de Assis Membrive ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Endemic Areas

The purpose of this work was to verify the occurrence of Leishmania in naturally infected sandflies. The insects were collected with Falcão, Shannon and HP light-traps, in Doutor Camargo and Maringá municipalities between November 2004 and October 2005. Of the 11,033 sandflies collected in Doutor Camargo, 2,133 surviving females were dissected, particularly those of the Nyssomyia neivai species (86.87%). In Maringá, 136 sandflies were collected, of which 79 N. whitmani females and 1 Migonemyia migonei female were dissected. The dissected insects were identified and stored in the pools of 10 specimens. The PCR was carried out on 1,190 females of N. neivai and 190 of N. whitmani from Doutor Camargo, and on 30 of N. whitmani from Maringá, using the primers MP1L/MP3H. The natural infection by Leishmania in sandflies was not confirmed by either of the methods used. The results suggested the low natural infection rate of sandflies by Leishmania in these areas, corroborating other studies carried out in endemic areas of ACL.

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