Testing and Evolutionary Theory

1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Morris Opler
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technological Means

Not long ago Betty Meggers undertook to demonstrate, on the basis of Apache data, … that all cultures are composed of three general classes of phenomena: technology, social organization, and philosophy. Of these, technology is primary and determines the content and form of the other two components . . . The content of any particular culture depends on the amount of energy that can be controlled and the efficiency of the technological means of putting this energy to use.

The Continuum of Conscientiousness: The Antagonistic Interests among Obsessive and Antisocial Personalities

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Hertler
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract The five factor trait of conscientiousnessis a supertrait, denoting on one hand a pattern of excessive labor, rigidity, orderliness and compulsivity,and on the other hand a pattern of strict rectitude, scrupulosity, dutifulness and morality. In both respects the obsessive-compulsive personality is conscientious; indeed, it has been labeled a disorder of extreme conscientiousness (Widiger et al., 2009). Antisocial personality disorder, in the present paper, is described as occupying the opposite end of the conscientiousness continuum. The antisocial is impulsive rather than compulsive, illicit rather than licit, and furtive rather than forthright.After clinically comparing the obsessive and antisocial personalities, the present paper invokes evolutionary theory to explain their resultant behavioral, ideological, political and demographic differences.

Heralds and witnesses poets of Serbian romanticism - between religion of the nation and loss of faith

2017 ◽  
pp. 635-649
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Pavicevic
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
National Romanticism

Ideas of Enlightement, national romanticism and transformation of geopolitical situation on the Balkans, were cultural and historical context in which bases of modern Serbian state was established. That was the time of intensive social change directed towards building institutional infrastructure as well as towards transforming traditional, ?obsolete? folk customs and habits. Poor condition of Serbian Orthodox Church and domination of religious world views among people were considered to be the most serious obstacles in creating modern state. Thus, great number of intelectuals were anticlerical and promoted liberal and secularized social organization. On the other hand, the whole epoch was characterized by strong antiscientistic orientation which was expresed through developing of different mistical, alternative, neopagan cults. Specific for our region was so called ?religion of the nation? which appeared as substitution for loss of eshatological perspective in life of Christian civilization. Poets of Serbian romanticism were heralds and witnesses of this civilization ?turn?. Their poetry can be observed as reflex and announcement of secularization in Serbian society. In this paper, we analyzed their writings about death, love, hope, nature and nation.

The Foundation of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter V. Findley
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
History Of ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
Economic Outlook

Analysis of the late unreformed state of those offices of the Sublime Porte out of which the Ottoman Foreign Ministry was to develop makes clear, as we have shown in an earlier article,1 that the possibilities for reform of the traditional bureaucracy were generally limited by two sets of determinants. One set, readily perceptible at what might be termed a macrohistorical level, consists of those largely exogenous forces which dominated the entire later history of the empire.2 In contrast, the other set derives from the legacy of the old bureaucracy itself. Determinants of this class can be identified only by close examination of that legacy, which in turn had been shaped by the nature of the traditional state, as well as by those patterns of social organization and economic outlook which over the centuries had characterized Ottoman society in general.

The Context of Competition

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Shubik ◽  
Eric Smith
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Material Content ◽  
Economic Behaviour ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Great Complexity

This chapter sets the context for the book. We note the purpose of economics should be to describe concepts and models that can be made consistent with sound scientific understanding of the other aspects of life. At a minimum economic behaviour is embedded within the organic system we call the society: it affects extraction, production, utilization, exchange, consumption and disposal of physical entities and services. We consider the main questions about how to contextualize economics. It can be argued that the economy is a mechanism to organize a subset of decisions in a larger highly distributed society. The social organization obeys no simple model of control; its dynamics is often evolutionary at many scales of time, space and material content; and with these it is subject to both historical contingency and great complexity.

Worlds Apart

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-81
Author(s):  
Eli Revelle Yano Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbolic Boundaries ◽  
Distant Interactions ◽  
Latino Workers ◽  
And Gender

This chapter brings readers further into the workplace by examining how coworker dynamics reinforce the extant social organization of higher-end restaurants, and ultimately how workers themselves understand their differences. The author details how educated white servers and working-class Latino cooks enact symbolic boundaries against the other that close off two distinct worlds of work by race, class, and gender. The racialized and classed boundaries that employees enact lead to strained and distant interactions, and can disrupt the flow of service in very real ways. More importantly, symbolic barriers decrease the likelihood that workers themselves feel they are able to access jobs for which they do not fit. This disproportionately affects Latino workers by further miring them in the lowest-paying and least visible jobs in the workplace.

Philosophy or Auto-Anthropology?

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Dennett ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
Timothy Williamson ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Armchair Philosophy

Timothy Williamson is mainly right, I think. He defends armchair philosophy as a variety of armchair science, like mathematics, or computer modeling in evolutionary theory, economics, statistics, and I agree that this is precisely what philosophy is, at its best: working out the assumptions and implications of any serious body of thought, helping everyone formulate the best questions to ask, and then leaving the empirical work to the other sciences. Philosophy – at its best – is to other inquiries roughly as theoretical physics is to experimental physics. You can do it in the armchair, but you need to know a lot about the phenomena with which the inquiry deals.

Preferential Marriage: Correlation of the Various Modes among the Bantu Tribes of the Union of South Africa

Africa ◽  
1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Eiselen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cousin Marriage ◽  
Independent Origin ◽  
The World ◽  
The Comparative Study

The several forms of preferential mating, such as cross-cousin marriage, sororate and levirate, are well known and have been reported from all the ethnographic provinces of the world. Lately Lowie and Rivers have devoted special chapters in their books on social organization to the comparative study of these important institutions. Lowie has pointed out that there is strong evidence for the correlation of sororate and levirate. The later publication of Rivers hardly serves to make these matters any clearer than Lowie's work. Although the latter scholar, with Tylor and others, recognized the close connexion existing between sororate and levirate, the evidence at his disposal did not allow him to arrive at a similar conclusion with regard to the other forms of preferential marriage. Accordingly he had to treat them, for the time being, as institutions of independent origin.

Weavers into Heretics? The Social Organization of Early-Thirteenth-Century Catharism in Comparative Perspective

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-137
Author(s):  
Lutz Kaelber
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

How did a person become a heretic in the Middle Ages? Then, once the person was affiliated with a heretical group, how was the affiliation sustained? What social processes and mechanisms were involved that forged bonds among heretics strong enough, in some cases, for them to choose death rather than return to the bosom of the Church? Two competing accounts of what attracted people to medieval heresies have marked the extremes in historical explanations (Russell 1963): one is a materialist account elucidated by Marxist historians; the other one focuses on ideal factors, as proposed by the eminent historian Herbert Grundmann.

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