scholarly journals Pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service on dissimilar facilities: A critical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunabha Banerjee ◽  
Akhilesh Kumar Maurya ◽  
Gregor Lämmel
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
Directional Movement ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Walking Speeds

Flow characteristics and Level of Service (LOS) are two terms which are highly correlated, where the flow characteristics of a particular pedestrian or a group of pedestrians over a facility greatly influence the level of service of that facility. This paper does an exhaustive review of the flow characteristics and level of service and how different factors are observed to influence the movement over different types of pedestrian facilities. Previous attempts have been made by different researchers to explore pedestrian flow characteristics and level of service, but such attempts were done separately and not in a combined manner. As mentioned above it is extremely important to study both flow characteristics and level of service together as it allows for a better understanding of the facility. The review highly focusses on the studies which were conducted facility wise using either qualitatively or quantitatively techniques in Western as well as Asian countries. It was observed that researchers mostly used single regime approach to capture uni- and bi-directional movement to develop fundamental relationships. Age, gender, width, attire, gradient and group size were some of the major factors that were observed to affect average walking speeds. To develop LOS, videography technique was more preferred in the western countries while questionnaire survey was more used in the Asian countries. For the qualitative survey, safety, comfort, accessibility and traffic control were common parameters chosen, while space, flow and delay were mostly used to define quantitative measures. Critical assessments are made, and research gaps are identified as well. The study shows that it is of utmost importance that both flow characteristics and level of service are studied together as it allows a better understanding of the current existing scenario as well as it captures the actual pedestrian movements over that particular pedestrian facility. Moreover, recommendations are also made which might be of utmost relevance to future researchers who might want to use the substance of this paper in order to arrive at different decisions on how to conduct data collection and analyse such data accordingly under different conditions and over different facilities.

Effect of On-Street Parking on Pedestrian Flow Characteristics and Level of Service - An Indian Viewpoint

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninad Gore ◽  
Sanjay Dave ◽  
Jiten Shah ◽  
Shriniwas Arkatkar ◽  
Srinivas Pulugurtha
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Pedestrian Flow

scholarly journals Pedestrian Flow Characteristics at Upstream and Downstream of Bottleneck for Unidirectional Flow under Normal Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Gulhare ◽  
Aparna P M ◽  
Ashish Verma
Keyword(s):  
Local Density ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Pedestrian Movement ◽  
Density Values

The study of pedestrian flow characteristics at upstream and downstream of bottlenecks is important from level of service and evacuation perspective. Many controlled laboratory experiments have been conducted to study pedestrians’ behavior at bottlenecks. However, it is unclear whether experiments can reproduce real crowd flow characteristics. In this paper, real field data was collected at normal conditions for unidirectional pedestrian movement at Mahakaleshwar, a Hindu temple at Ujjain, India during Mahashivaratri, a festival day on which a large number of pilgrims visited the temple. Along the corridor there is a width reduction at a U-turn which creates a bottleneck. It is necessary to study pedestrian flow characteristics at bottlenecks to ensure desired level of service at temple premises during heavy flow. The speed-density relationships of upstream and downstream sections were compared and it was found that flow behavior at both the sections of bottleneck severely differ from each other. Pedestrians in the upstream are either at free flow speed for very low density values or moving slowly for intermediate to high range of density values. From the speed-density relationship, it can be concluded that pedestrians at upstream had visual clues of congestion ahead at bottleneck (pedestrian could also see the downstream flow through barricades). Therefore, pedestrians wait at their position, stay in their comfort zone and do not push each other. Thus, even at intermediate local density, pedestrians have such low speeds. This violates the general assumption that pedestrians change their speed only at the shockwave boundary. The movement of pedestrians at upstream is governed by local density and information of congestion status ahead, whereas pedestrian movement at downstream is governed by factors like density, side friction and pedestrians’ willingness to compensate for the delay at bottleneck. This study is expected to have application in planning and operation of pedestrian facilities.

Comparative Study of Macroscopic Pedestrian Flow Characteristics on Stairways at Rail Transit Stations

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiten Shah ◽  
Gaurang Joshi ◽  
Purnima Parida ◽  
Shriniwas Arkatkar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Pedestrian Flow

Effect of stairway width on pedestrian flow characteristics at railway stations

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
S. Jiten ◽  
J. Gaurang ◽  
P. Purnima ◽  
S. Arkatkar
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Railway Stations

scholarly journals Developing a New Spatial Unit for Macroscopic Safety Evaluation Based on Traffic Density Homogeneity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Chen Wang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
Chengcheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Minimization Method ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Safety Knowledge ◽  
Traffic Operation ◽  
Crash Modeling

Macrolevel crash modeling has been extensively applied to investigate the safety effects of demographic, socioeconomic, and land use factors, in order to add safety knowledge into traffic planning and policy-making. In recent years, with the increasing attention to regional traffic management and control, the safety effects of macrolevel traffic flow parameters may also be of interest, in order to provide useful safety knowledge for regional traffic operation. In this paper, a new spatial unit was developed using a recursive half-cut partitioning procedure based on a normalized cut (NC) minimization method and traffic density homogeneity. Two Bayesian lognormal models with different conditional autoregressive (CAR) priors were applied to examine the safety effects of traffic flow characteristics at the NC level. It was found that safety effects of traffic flow exist at such macrolevel, indicating the necessity of considering safety for regional traffic control and management. Furthermore, traffic flow effects were also examined for another two spatial units: Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) and Census Tract (CT). It was found that ecological fallacy and atomic fallacy could exist without considering traffic flow parameters at those planning-based levels. In general, safety needs to be considered for regional traffic operation and the effects of traffic flow need to be considered for spatial crash modeling at various spatial levels.

scholarly journals Effect of Gradient on Pedestrian Flow Characteristics Under Mixed Flow Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 4720-4732
Author(s):  
Ankit Gupta ◽  
Bhupendra Singh ◽  
Nitin Pundir
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Pedestrian Flow ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Mixed Flow

Effect of Pedestrian-Related Factors on Intersection Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 1920 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Hoe Kyoung Kim ◽  
Michael P. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Traffic Lane ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Traffic Control Devices ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
The Impact

The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) contains the national standard for installing and maintaining traffic control devices on all streets and highways. The 2003 MUTCD contains numerous corrections, revisions, and updates to the millennium edition (2000). One update is related to the definition of crossing distance at signalized intersections, where the crossing distance is extended to the far-side curb rather than the center of the farthest traffic lane. This study investigated the sensitivity of intersection performance to crossing distance and walking speed, critical constraints in the determination of the minimum green time. Three crossing distance standards and four walking speeds are considered. With Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) procedures, the impacts of the given crossing distance definitions and walking speeds on intersection operations were tested on two intersection configurations over a range of cycle lengths and traffic volumes. The effect on intersection performance was found to be most significant at low cycle lengths, in some instances with the delay increased manyfold. However, when cycle lengths were increased to account for the pedestrian constraints, optimal delay rarely increased by more than a few seconds. Additionally, as the discrepancy between the critical lane traffic volume on the main and cross streets was increased, the impact of pedestrian green times on vehicle delay also increased. It was seen that as the cycle length increased, pedestrian minimum green times no longer governed, so the impact of pedestrians on intersection performance became increasingly insignificant, often with a minimal impact on the optimal performance.

Application of Catastrophe Theory in Traffic Flow of Highway Tunnel Group

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 1609-1612
Author(s):  
Wei Zhan ◽  
Yue Quan Shang ◽  
Feng Xia Chi
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Catastrophe Theory ◽  
Critical Density ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Highway Tunnel ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Highway Management

Based on the investigation of traffic flow in a typical highway tunnel group, the traffic flow characteristics were analyzed by catastrophe theory with the relationship of the speed, volume and density. The discontinuous leaping change phenomenon of the traffic data under large traffic volume is better explained by the catastrophe model than the traditional ways. The value of critical density can be obtained by analyzing the critical state of traffic flow. Then the traffic flow warning can be realized in highway tunnel group region. The data and results can be used for the reference of taking traffic control measures by highway management.

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