Annex Figure 5.A.3. The role of differences in tasks and responsibilities, pay for work of equal value and firm wage-setting practices in the evolution of the gender wage gap over the life-course

Musculoskeletal disease covers a broad spectrum of conditions whose aetiology comprises variable genetic and environmental contributions. More recently it has become clear that, particularly early in life, the interaction of gene and environment is critical to the development of later disease. Additionally, only a small proportion of the variation in adult traits such as bone mineral density has been explained by specific genes in genome-wide association studies, suggesting that gene-environment interaction may explain a much larger part of the inheritance of disease risk than previously thought. It is therefore critically important to evaluate the environmental factors which may predispose to diseases such as osteorthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis both at the individual and at the population level. In this chapter we describe the environmental contributors, across the whole life course, to osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplar conditions. We consider factors such as age, gender, nutrition (including the role of vitamin D), geography, occupation, and the clues that secular changes of disease pattern may yield. We describe the accumulating evidence that conditions such as osteoporosis may be partly determined by the early interplay of environment and genotype, through aetiological mechanisms such as DNA methylation and other epigenetic phenomena. Such studies, and those examining the role of environmental influences across other stages of the life course, suggest that these issues should be addressed at all ages, starting from before conception, in order to optimally reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in future generations.

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Explaining continuity in substance use: The role of criminal justice system involvement over the life course of an urban African American prospective cohort

Drug and Alcohol Dependence ◽

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 195 ◽

pp. 74-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kerry M. Green ◽

Elaine E. Doherty ◽

Munjireen S. Sifat ◽

Margaret E. Ensminger

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

African American ◽

Criminal Justice ◽

Life Course ◽

Criminal Justice System ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Justice System ◽

System Involvement ◽

The Life Course

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Intracohort Trends in Ethnic Earnings Gaps: The Role of Education

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World ◽

10.1177/2378023119845740 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 237802311984574 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Meir Yaish ◽

Limor Gabay-Egozi

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Racial Inequality ◽

Ethnic Inequality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Divided Societies ◽

Wage Premiums ◽

Earnings Gap ◽

The Life Course

This study demonstrates that studying ethnic/racial inequality on the basis of cross-sectional data conceals how such inequality might unfold over the life course. Moving beyond a snapshot perspective, we ask, Do Israel’s Jewish ethnic groups differ in their long-term earnings trajectories? Analyzing nearly 20 years of registered earnings data, the authors find that for the same cohort (25- to 32-year-old Jews in 1995), the ethnic earnings gap has widened over these years. This trend, we demonstrate, is explained largely by increasing wage premiums for college degree, even when these premiums are ethnicity blind. That is, ethnic inequality in educational attainment is translated to increasing ethnic earnings inequality over the life course. This pattern cannot be detected in previous research in Israel, which relied on the snapshot perspective on the basis of cross-sectional data. The consequences of these findings for changes in inequality in divided societies are discussed.

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