Annual growth in health expenditure and GDP per capita, OECD average, 2003-18

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance in China: A Panel Data Analysis

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhen ◽  
Jingchunyu Chen ◽  
Xueshan Sun ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Shasha Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Physician Density ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Zones

The relationship between socioeconomic factors and antibiotic resistance (ABR) prevalence remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association between ABR prevalence and socioeconomic factors across 30 provinces in mainland China. We used two measures of level of ABR: the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC), and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (3GCRKP), and the aggregate resistance. The data of ABR prevalence, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure, physician density, hospital bed density, and public toilet density during 2014 and 2018 in 30 provinces in mainland China were included. We examined the association between ABR prevalence and potential contributing socioeconomic factors using panel data modeling. In addition, we explored this relationship in the eastern, central, and western economic zones. Our results indicated that GDP per capita was significantly positively correlated with ABR in mainland China and the eastern economic zone; however, significantly positive associations did not exist in the central and western economic zones. Surprisingly, both higher GDP per capita and higher OOP health expenditure were associated with a higher level of MRSA, but a lower level of 3GCREC; higher physician density was associated with a lower level of MRSA, but a higher level of 3GCREC. In addition, ABR prevalence presented a decline trend during 2014 and 2018. Our study highlights that intervention measures tackling the development and spread of ABR in mainland China must better recognize and address the importance of social and economic determinants.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic factors contributing to antibiotic resistance in China: a panel data analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhen ◽  
Jingchunyu Chen ◽  
Xueshan Sun ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Shasha Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Physician Density ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Zone

Abstract Background The relationship between socioeconomic factors and ABR remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association between ABR proportion and socioeconomic factors across 30 provinces in mainland China. Methods We used two measures of ABR: the proportion of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (3GCRKP), 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); and the aggregate resistance. ABR proportion, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure, physician density, hospital bed density, access to water source, and number of public toilets per 10,000 population data during 2014 and 2018 in 30 provinces in mainland China were included. We examined the association between ABR level and potential contributing factors using panel data modelling. In addition, we explored this relationship from eastern, central, and western economic zone, respectively. Results Our results indicated that higher hospital bed density and physician density were significantly associated with lower levels of ABR. The issue of ABR was also related to socioeconomic factors such as GDP per capita, OOP health expenditure, education, which might depend on different resistant bacteria or different economic zones. GDP per capita was negatively associated with CRPA level, but positively associated with MRSA level. Higher OOP health expenditure was associated higher CRPA level. In addition, we only found that ABR prevalence was significantly negatively associated with education, and positively associated with OOP health expenditure in central economic zone, but not found in eastern and western economic zone. Conclusions Our study highlights that measures increasing hospital beds and physicians allocation to curb ABR should be implemented. Besides, intervention measures tackling the development and spread of ABR in China must better recognize and address the importance of social and economic determinants.

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