The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Improved Trends in the Mortality-To-Incidence Ratios for Liver Cancer in Countries With High Development Index and Health Expenditures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Chih Wang ◽  
Hsin-Hung Chen ◽  
Wen-Wei Sung ◽  
Ming-Chang Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Primary liver cancer is one of leading causes of death globally. Liver cancer has the uniqueness of geographical distribution as it predisposes viral infection etiologies and aging effects. We speculate if the human development index (HDI), current health expenditure (CHE) per capita, and current health expenditure on gross domestic product (CHE/GDP) can affect the incidence numbers, mortality numbers, or mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) of liver cancer worldwide. Data was obtained from GLOBOCAN health data and statistics from the World Health Organization. MIRs and the changes in MIR over time (𝛿MIR) were used to evaluate the correlation of expenditures on healthcare and the HDI disparities via Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The incidence and mortality of crude rate have significant associations with HDI, CHE per capita, and CHE/GDP. Specifically, there were significant associations between 𝛿MIR and HDI as well as between 𝛿MIR and CHE per capita. However, there were no significant associations between 𝛿MIR and CHE/GDP. We evidenced that favorable liver cancer 𝛿MIR was not associated with CHE/GDP, although it had significant association with HDI and CHE per capita. This result is worthy of the attention of the public health system all over the world.

scholarly journals Investigation the determinants of pharmaceutical expenditure share of GDP in Iran and selected OECD countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azin Kadkhodamanesh ◽  
Vida Varahrami ◽  
Leila Zarei ◽  
Farzad Peiravian ◽  
Mohammad Hadidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Government Health Expenditure

Abstract Aim This study estimated the GDP share of pharmaceuticals in Iran based on the drivers of pharmaceutical expenditure and compared it with that of 31 members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Subject and methods The factors contributing to pharmaceutical expenditure were identified through literature review and studied by 8 experts to classify the factors. Then, using the panel data method, a model was built to estimate the GDP share of pharmaceutical expenditure based on the extracted factors of the selected countries in Iran’s model. To explain the observed differences, several regression analyses were performed based on cross-sectional data. The analyses were performed using EVIEWS software, version 10. Results The explanatory variables for the selected countries in the panel model (R2 = 0.98) were specified. Government health expenditure (β = 0.1432), the share of generic drugs (β = − 0.0143), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (β = − 0.0058) and the rate of disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) (β = 0.0028) contributed most to pharmaceutical expenditure. In comparison, in the Iranian estimation model (R2 = 0.84), government health expenditure (β = 0.0536) and the share of generic drugs (β = 0.0369) had a significant impact on pharmaceutical expenditure. In the estimation model with more estimators for Iran (R2 = 0.99), government health expenditure (β = 0.1694), disease prevalence (β = 0.0537), the share of generic drugs (β = 0.0102), the DALY rate (β = 0.0039), GDP per capita (β = − 0.0033), and the drug price index (β = 0.0007) contribute most to pharmaceutical expenditure. Conclusion In the models of the study, factors related to the structure of the healthcare system and the pharmaceutical system contributed most to pharmaceutical expenditure as a share of GDP. Moreover, disease profiles show its predictive role in the second model for Iran.

scholarly journals Monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost from all causes in Mauritius

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent MUSANGO ◽  
Ajoy Nundoochan ◽  
Philippe Van Wilder ◽  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Disease Study

Abstract Background The Republic of Mauritius lost a total of 402,565 disability-adjusted-life-years (DALY) from all causes in 2017. The objectives of this study were (a) to estimate the monetary value of DALY lost in 2017, and projected to be lost from all causes in Mauritius in 2030; and (b) to estimate the monetary value of DALY savings in year 2030, if the country would attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) targets 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.6.Methods Human capital approach is used to monetarily value DALY lost from 293 causes in 2017. The monetary value of DALY lost in 2017 from each cause is equal to the Mauritius net gross domestic product (GDP) per capita multiplied by the number of DALY lost from a specific cause. The percentage reductions implied in the five SDG3 targets were used in the projections of the monetary values of DALY expected in 2030. The potential savings equals monetary value of DALY lost in 2017 minus monetary value of DALY expected in 2030. The DALY data was obtained from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 database; the current health expenditure per capita data was from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database; and the per capita GDP data was obtained from the IMF outlook database.Results The DALY lost in 2017 had a total monetary value of Int$9,564,741,771. Of which, 82.9% resulted from non-communicable diseases; 10.2% from communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases; and 6.9% from injuries. Full attainment of the five SDG 3 targets would avert DALY losses with a value of Int$2,986,241,156.Conclusions Diseases and injuries causes a significant DALY lost per year with a substantive monetary value. Full achievement of the SDG3 targets 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.6 might potentially save the country about 9.351% of the total GDP of Mauritius in 2019. In order to achieve such savings, the country require to further strengthen the national health system, the other systems that tackle social determinants of health, and the national health research system.

Evaluating the Outcomes of a Hospital-to-Community Model of Integrated Care for Dementia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ngoc Huong Lien Ha ◽  
Philip Yap Lin Kiat ◽  
Sean Olivia Nicholas ◽  
Ivana Chan ◽  
Shiou Liang Wee
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Living with dementia is challenging for persons with dementia (PWDs) and their families. Although multi-component intervention, underscored by the ethos of person-centred care, has been shown to maintain quality of life (QOL) in PWDs and caregivers, a lack of service integration can hinder effectiveness. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> CARITAS, an integrated care initiative provided through a hospital-community care partnership, endeavours to provide person-centred dementia care through ambulatory clinic consults, case management, patient and caregiver engagement, and support. We evaluated CARITAS’ clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness with a naturalistic cross-sectional within-subject design. We assessed patients’ function, QOL, and behavioural problems post-intervention. We estimated CARITAS’ cost-effectiveness from a patient’s perspective, benchmarking it against other dementia treatments and Singapore’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CARITAS care significantly improved health utility (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), reduced caregiver burden (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), and improved PWDs’ behavioural problems (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) related to “memory” (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), “disruption” (<i>p</i> = 0.017), and “depression” (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). CARITAS’ benefits (<i>d</i><sub>RMBPC</sub> = 0.357, <i>d</i><sub>EQ5D index</sub> = 0.328, <i>d</i><sub>ZBI</sub> = 0.361) were comparable to those of other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for dementia. CARITAS costs SG$133,056.69 per quality-adjusted life years gain, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 1.31 and 1.49 against the cost of donepezil in patients with mild Alz­heimer’s disease and Singapore’s GDP per capita in 2019, respectively, falling within the cost-effectiveness threshold of 1.0–3.0. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> CARITAS integrated dementia care is a cost-effective intervention that showed promising outcomes for PWDs and their caregivers.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance in China: A Panel Data Analysis

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhen ◽  
Jingchunyu Chen ◽  
Xueshan Sun ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Shasha Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Physician Density ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Zones

The relationship between socioeconomic factors and antibiotic resistance (ABR) prevalence remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association between ABR prevalence and socioeconomic factors across 30 provinces in mainland China. We used two measures of level of ABR: the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC), and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (3GCRKP), and the aggregate resistance. The data of ABR prevalence, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure, physician density, hospital bed density, and public toilet density during 2014 and 2018 in 30 provinces in mainland China were included. We examined the association between ABR prevalence and potential contributing socioeconomic factors using panel data modeling. In addition, we explored this relationship in the eastern, central, and western economic zones. Our results indicated that GDP per capita was significantly positively correlated with ABR in mainland China and the eastern economic zone; however, significantly positive associations did not exist in the central and western economic zones. Surprisingly, both higher GDP per capita and higher OOP health expenditure were associated with a higher level of MRSA, but a lower level of 3GCREC; higher physician density was associated with a lower level of MRSA, but a higher level of 3GCREC. In addition, ABR prevalence presented a decline trend during 2014 and 2018. Our study highlights that intervention measures tackling the development and spread of ABR in mainland China must better recognize and address the importance of social and economic determinants.

scholarly journals Improving patient access to cancer drugs in India: Using economic modeling to estimate a more affordable drug cost based on measures of societal value

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Dranitsaris ◽  
Ilse Truter ◽  
Martie S. Lubbe ◽  
Nitin N. Sriramanakoppa ◽  
Vivian M. Mendonca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Monthly Cost ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Societal Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Using multiples of India's per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the threshold for economic value as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), decision analysis modeling was used to estimate a more affordable monthly cost in India for a hypothetical new cancer drug that provides a 3-month survival benefit to Indian patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).Methods: A decision model was developed to simulate progression-free and overall survival in mCRC patients receiving chemotherapy with and without the new drug. Costs for chemotherapy and side-effects management were obtained from both public and private hospitals in India. Utility estimates measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were determined by interviewing twenty-four oncology nurses using the Time Trade-Off technique. The monthly cost of the new drug was then estimated using a target threshold of US$9,300 per QALY gained, which is three times the Indian per capita GDP.Results: The base-case analysis suggested that a price of US$98.00 per dose would be considered cost-effective from the Indian public healthcare perspective. If the drug were able to improve patient quality of life above the standard of care or survival from 3 to 6 months, the price per dose could increase to US$170 and US$253 and offer the same value.Conclusions: The use of the WHO criteria for estimating the cost of a new drug based on economic value for a developing country like India is feasible and can be used to estimate a more affordable cost based on societal value thresholds.

scholarly journals The Monetary Value of Disability-Adjusted Life Years in Kenya in 2017

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402097055
Author(s):  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri ◽  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
All Diseases

All diseases and injuries exert a heavy epidemiological and socioeconomic burden on Kenya. The specific objectives of this study were (a) to estimate the monetary value of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from all causes in 2017 with the ongoing implementation of United Nations sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 and (b) to estimate the reductions in the monetary value of DALYs in Kenya, assuming diseases and injuries related to SDG3 targets are achieved by 2030. A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to value DALYs from 162 diseases and injuries into their monetary equivalents. The 17.9 million DALYs from 162 causes in Kenya in 2017 had a total monetary value of Int$ 67,012,790,388. Approximately 57% of the monetary value of DALYs emanated from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; 36% from noncommunicable diseases; and 7% from injuries. We estimate that attainment of the five SDG3 targets would lead to an Int$ 21.5 billion (45%) decrease in the SDG3-related monetary value of DALYs by 2030. There is an urgent need for health policy-makers to use this kind of evidence when advocating among public and private sectors for increased spending on health development.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of paediatric surgery: an economic evaluation of World Paediatric Project surgical interventions in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–2019)

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e050286
Author(s):  
Carrie B Dolan ◽  
Samuel A Agyemang ◽  
Brian Clare ◽  
Charles Coleman ◽  
Bill Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Paediatric Surgery ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to examine the cost-effectiveness of six types of surgical interventions as part of a sustained paediatric surgical programme in St.Vincent and the Grenadines from 2002 to 2019.DesignIn this economic model, six paediatric surgical interventions (ophthalmic, orthopaedic, plastic, general, urology, neurosurgery) were compared with no surgery in a deterministic cost-effectiveness model. We assessed health benefits as averted disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Costs were included from the programme perspective and measured using standard micro-costing methods. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for each type of surgical intervention. Interventions with ICERs of <50% of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were considered cost-effective. Costs are reported in 2019 US$. Univariate sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the effect of uncertainty.ResultsThe average cost per procedure was US$16 685 (range: US$9791.78–US$72 845.76). The cumulative discounted 18-year health impact was 5815 DALYs averted with a cost per DALY averted of US$2622. Most paediatric surgical interventions were cost-effective, yielding cost per DALY estimates less than 50% of GDP per capita of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. When undiscounted, only orthopaedic surgeries had cost per DALY more than 50% GDP per capita. When considering discounting, orthopaedic and urology surgeries exceeded the adopted threshold for cost-effectiveness.ConclusionsWe found that short-term, recurrent surgical interventions could yield substantial economic benefits in this limited resource setting. This research indicates that investment in paediatric surgical interventions is cost-effective for the majority of specialties. These findings are of clinical significance given the large burden of disease attributable to surgically treatable diseases. This work demonstrates that scaling up dedicated surgical programmes for children is a cost-effective and essential component to improve paediatric health.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic factors contributing to antibiotic resistance in China: a panel data analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhen ◽  
Jingchunyu Chen ◽  
Xueshan Sun ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Shasha Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Physician Density ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Economic Zone

Abstract Background The relationship between socioeconomic factors and ABR remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association between ABR proportion and socioeconomic factors across 30 provinces in mainland China. Methods We used two measures of ABR: the proportion of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (3GCRKP), 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); and the aggregate resistance. ABR proportion, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure, physician density, hospital bed density, access to water source, and number of public toilets per 10,000 population data during 2014 and 2018 in 30 provinces in mainland China were included. We examined the association between ABR level and potential contributing factors using panel data modelling. In addition, we explored this relationship from eastern, central, and western economic zone, respectively. Results Our results indicated that higher hospital bed density and physician density were significantly associated with lower levels of ABR. The issue of ABR was also related to socioeconomic factors such as GDP per capita, OOP health expenditure, education, which might depend on different resistant bacteria or different economic zones. GDP per capita was negatively associated with CRPA level, but positively associated with MRSA level. Higher OOP health expenditure was associated higher CRPA level. In addition, we only found that ABR prevalence was significantly negatively associated with education, and positively associated with OOP health expenditure in central economic zone, but not found in eastern and western economic zone. Conclusions Our study highlights that measures increasing hospital beds and physicians allocation to curb ABR should be implemented. Besides, intervention measures tackling the development and spread of ABR in China must better recognize and address the importance of social and economic determinants.

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