Projected average annual growth rate in GDP and GDP per capita in USD 2005 PPP, percentage, 2011-30

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubica Hurbánková ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

Paper deals with the analysis of research and development expenditure. Expenditure per capita in European Union countries in years 2009 - 2018 and total research and development expenditure in million Euro are analyzed. The aim of the paper is to find out in which countries expenditure per capita increased the most during the observed period and in which it decreased, what was the average annual growth rate of this indicator. Contribution method will help to analyze how the total research and development expenditure in 27 European Union countries has changed, what was the share of each country in this expenditure, which countries contributed the most to this change and which the least. Research and development expenditure per capita increased average annually between 2009 and 2018 in all analyzed countries, except Luxembourg and Finland, where it decreased. The highest average annual growth was recorded in Poland (12.48%), Latvia (10.50%), Slovakia (10.47%) and Bulgaria (10.38%). Total research and development expenditure increased in 2018 compared to 2009 by 41.65%, Germany (18.11%) and France (4.29%) contributed the most to this increase.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Consumption in the United States: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Kahn ◽  
Hamidreza Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
End User ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Lockdown measures and mobility restrictions implemented to combat the spread of the novel COVID-19 virus have impacted energy consumption patterns, particularly in the United States. A review of available data and literature on the impact of the pandemic on energy consumption is performed to understand the current knowledge on this topic. The overall decline of energy use during lockdown restrictions can best be identified through the analysis of energy consumption by source and end-user breakdown. Using monthly energy consumption data, the total 9-months use between January and September for the years 2015–2020 are calculated for each end-use. The cumulative consumption within these 9 months of the petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and electricity energy by the various end-use sectors are compared to identify a shift in use throughout time with the calculation of the percent change from 2019 to 2020. The analysis shows that the transportation sector experienced the most dramatic decline, having a subsequent impact on the primary energy it uses. A steep decline in the use of petroleum and natural gas by the transportation sector has had an inevitable impact on the emission of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants during the pandemic. Additionally, the most current data for the consumption of electricity by each state and each end-user in the times before and during the pandemic highlights the impact of specific lockdown procedures on energy use. The average total consumption for each state was found for the years 2015–2019. This result is used calculation of yearly growth rate and average annual growth rate in 2020 for each state and end-user. The total average annual growth rate for 2020 was used to find a correlation coefficient between COVID-19 case and death rates as well as population density and lockdown duration. To further examine the relationship a correlation coefficient was calculated between the 2020 average annual growth rate for all sectors and average annual growth rate for each individual end-user.

Overseas Chinese Investments in China – Patterns of Growth, Diversification and Finance: The Case of Charoen Pokphand

1998 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 610-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeswary Ampalavanar-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Remarkable Increase ◽  
Industrial Employment ◽  
Average Rise

The accelerated economic growth of Asia over the last three decades is well documented. While Britain and many other European countries experienced an average rise of real productivity by 2–3 per cent every year from 1973–1992, Asian growth frequently soared over 8 per cent, particularly after 1978. China in particular saw a remarkable increase in the average annual growth rate of GDP from 7 per cent in 1976 to a constant 9 per cent in the 1978 to 1988 period. In 1992 it rose again to 13 per cent, subsequently fluctuating between 8 per cent and 9 per cent. The contribution of agriculture to GDP increased from 28 per cent 1978 to 34 per cent in 1982. Thereafter a contraction in agriculture's share – from 34 per cent back to 24 per cent – reflected a major expansion in industry and services. There was an increase in industrial employment from 18 per cent to 21 per cent, and in that of services from 14 per cent to 18 per cent.

scholarly journals Green TFP Heterogeneity in the Ports of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zone under Environmental Constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 12910
Author(s):  
Zongbiao Hu ◽  
Feng Lan ◽  
Han Xu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Tfp Growth

In the context of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ), ports have a new opportunity to realize high-quality development. Based on the analysis of the current situation of pollutant emissions from ports in China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones (FTZs), this paper introduces environmental factors into the analysis framework of the total factor productivity (TFP) of ports in China’s FTZs, and uses the Global Malmquist–Luenberger index method to analyze the evolution trend and heterogeneity of green TFP in 28 ports of China’s 19 FTZs from 2011 to 2017. The results show that firstly, the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and other pollutants in China’s FTZs have been decreasing year by year. Secondly, both the green TFP and the traditional TFP of the ports in FTZs are on the rise. The absence of environmental factors leads to the underestimation of the TFP of ports. For the green TFP, the main source of its growth is technological progress. Thirdly, there is obvious port heterogeneity in the green TFP of FTZ ports. Nanjing Port has the highest green TFP growth rate, with an average annual growth rate of 21.95%. Ningbo Port, which ranks 14th, has an average annual growth rate of 5.46%. Fuzhou Port, which is rated last, has negative growth. Fourthly, there is also obvious types and regional heterogeneity in the green TFP of FTZ ports. When categorized by type, the average annual growth rate of green TFP in inland ports is significantly higher than that of coastal ports. When categorized by region, the descending order of the average annual growth rate of green TFP is the western region, the eastern region and the central region. Fifthly, the green TFP differences among the eastern, central, and western regions, as well as between inland ports and coastal ports, are shrinking. Moreover, the green TFP differences within inland ports and coastal ports and within central ports and eastern ports are also shrinking, implying there may be σ convergence. The conclusions of this paper have important implications for the scientific understanding of the heterogeneity of green TFP growth in ports in China’s FTZs, and how to promote the green development of ports in China’s FTZs under environmental constraints.

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