Employment rate of women in the presence of young children in selected OECD countries, 2007-19

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Employment Rate

scholarly journals Trends in Women’s Employment and Poverty Rates in OECD Countries: A Kitagawa–Blinder–Oaxaca Decomposition

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rense Nieuwenhuis ◽  
Wim Van Lancker ◽  
Diego Collado ◽  
Bea Cantillon
Keyword(s):  
Employment Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Very High ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract Although employment growth is propagated as being crucial to reduce poverty across EU and OECD countries, the actual impact of employment growth on poverty rates is still unclear. This study presents novel estimates of the association between macro-level trends in women’s employment and trends in poverty, across 15 OECD countries from 1971 to 2013. It does so based on over 2 million household-level observations from the LIS Database, using Kitagawa–Blinder–Oaxaca (KBO) decompositions. The results indicate that an increase of 10% points in women’s employment rate was associated with a reduction of about 1% point of poverty across these countries. In part, this reduction compensated for developments in men’s employment that were associated with higher poverty. However, in the Nordic countries no such poverty association was found, as in these countries women’s employment rates were very high and stable throughout the observation period. In countries that initially showed marked increases in women’s employment, such as the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Canada, and the United States, the initial increases in women’s employment rates were typically followed by a period in which these trends levelled off. Hence, our findings first and foremost suggest that improving gender equality in employment is associated with lower poverty risks. Yet, the results also suggest that the potential of following an employment strategy to (further) reduce poverty in OECD countries has, to a large extent, been depleted.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Female Poverty in Turkey with OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezgi Demiral
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Part Time

The significant a reason of female poverty is that in general, women aren't considered to be in the labour market. Women that are in the labour market either in lower status from men or perform informal jobs or get paid less money even when they're employed in the same jobs. Female employment rate or women's education level are indicator of female poverty. The aim of this paper is to analyse female poverty in Turkey and selected OECD countries. This study obtained the female employment rate and women's education level data from the Economic Co-operation and Development database for the years between 2008-2019. Graphic by these data were analyzed comparative data analysis. In addition, specifically for the analysis of structure of women's employment in Turkey was to get data related to part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers from Turkish Statistical Institute. The results show that both women in labour market and women's education levels are extremely low level in Turkey compared to selected OECD countries. Part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers have place in women's employment. When women's employment increases it's expected to see that women poverty decreases. But women in Turkey mostly works in informal jobs or flexible working hours. This situation isn't enough effective enough to struggle fight female poverty and this resulted working women poverty. Firstly, policies should be developed to improve women will have increased participation in the qualified workforce and to length of stay in education by governments.

scholarly journals Prevalence of the HDI: Alternative consideration of employment factors from 30 OECD countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Diana Lestari ◽  
Dio Caisar Darma ◽  
Made Setini ◽  
P. Purwadi
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Employment Factors

The HDI has played an influential role in the debate on human development for many years. However, no index is perfect in the HDI. It can be argued that the current HDI does not totally reflect human development performance, and thus proper rankings for some countries. Therefore, this article aims to construct a new composite index for the development performance of a sample of 30 organizations for OECD countries by adding a fourth indicator, namely the employment rate to the calculation of HDI. Including employment factors in HDI as a new indicator has not only made the index more comprehensive but also presented a more suitable dimension for assessing the development performance of countries. By considering these factors, it is hoped that people will get a decent income in order to achieve a level of welfare.

scholarly journals Differences in flexibility of labour markets in OECD countries – the topsis method

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-64
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ertman
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Topsis Method ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Synthetic Index

Flexible labour market can be defined as the market with capability to adapt to changing economic conditions so as to keep high employment rate, unemployment and inflation low and ensure continued growth in real incomes. Labour market flexibility has a significant influence on employment level in the economy. Some economists believe that higher level of protection in the labour market is accompanied with lower employment rates in the economy. Low labour market flexibility is a contemporary problem of many economies. Lack of flexibility in this market is often associated with regulation of labour market in such areas as social insurance, minimum wage, legislation relating to employment protection and the strength of trade unions. EPL index (Employment Protection Level) is a basic measure indicating degree of labour market regulation. The index was created by the OECD experts and is used for international comparisons. The article aims to examine a degree of labour markets flexibility in OECD countries and identify position of Poland compared to other OECD members. TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) is applied to achieve the goal. This method consists in creating synthetic index and calculates the distance of each object between the ideal solution and negative ideal solution, and then linear ordering of researched objects. Synthetic indicator of labour market flexibility was calculated using 11 variables, among which institutional variables such as restrictiveness of employment protection, tax wedge, trade union density or percentage of part time workers in total employment dominated. Synthetic index also covers variables describing labour market performance e.g. employment rate of young and older workers or long term unemployment rate as they indicate a speed of labour market’s responsiveness on external changes.

scholarly journals Cultural, political and economic roots of the labor market institutional framework in the OECD and post-socialist countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Pilc
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Chow Test

Research background: The literature indicates that labor market institutions are determined by cultural, political and economic factors, but does not give explicit conclusions which of these vast group of factors dominates. Purpose of the article: The goal of this study is to empirically assess whether cultural and political factors dominate over economic factors in shaping the labor market institutional framework in the OECD and post-socialist countries. Methods: This framework can be measured by a vast group of indicators. We use 10 such variables that describe the group of 47 post-socialist and OECD countries (that did not experience economic transition) in the years 2005–2009. These indicators allow to construct one Employment Efficiency Index which explains almost 47% of the employment rate heterogeneity in the years 2010–2015. In the second step, the Employment Efficiency Index is regressed on 7 uncorrelated and standardized components that describe the cultural, political and economic characteristics of the analyzed countries in the years 1995–2004 and the Chow test is conducted in order to determine whether they influence the Index with the same strength in post-socialist and non-transition OECD countries. Findings & Value added: The obtained results show that cultural and political factors have a stronger influence on labor market institutions. Moreover, the estimates reveal that the countries which experienced weak labor market performance in the period 1995–2004 did not make their institutional framework more pro-employment in the following years and, in consequence, also recorded low values of the employment rate in the period 2010–2015. Such result suggests that economic factors occurred to be on average an insufficient trigger for labor market reforms in the group of analyzed countries. Finally, the Chow test revealed that this conclusion is applicable to both post-socialist and non-transition OECD countries.

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