scholarly journals Cigarette Pack Structure Elements in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Olufemi Erinoso ◽  
Kevin Welding ◽  
Joanna E. Cohen ◽  
Katherine Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
Packaging Structure ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Objectives: The tobacco industry can attract consumers using appealing packaging, including pack structure. We assessed the variety of pack structure elements across select low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: Between 2013 and 2017, we systematically collected 3542 packs from 14 LMICs. The selected countries represented LMICs with the greatest number of smokers. We assessed packs for 4 packaging structure elements: pack-type (hard, soft, or box), pack-shape, pack-edge, and opening-style. We used descriptive statistics to analyze the packag- ing structure elements by country and tobacco company. Results: All 14 countries assessed had predominantly hard packs (88.3% of the total sample). We identified 5 pack-shape variants; the most common pack-shape in all countries was the rectangular non-slim pack-shape (79.2%). Straight right-angled edge packs were the most common in 11 of the 14 countries assessed, but rounded edge packs were the most common in Turkey (58.5%). We found 9 broad categories of pack-opening styles, with the most common being the flip-top (94.5%). Conclusion: Although we found common packaging structure elements across the 14 LMICs, we also noted diverse packaging structures. Restrictions on pack structure elements are important as these elements can contribute to the attractiveness of tobacco products.

scholarly journals Defending Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy Implementation in Nepal From Tobacco Industry Interference (2011–2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2203-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharma N Bhatta ◽  
Eric Crosbie ◽  
Stella A Bialous ◽  
Stanton Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Law ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Introduction Nepal passed a comprehensive tobacco control law in 2011. Tobacco control advocates successfully countered tobacco industry (TI) interference to force implementation of law. Aims and Methods Policy documents, news stories, and key informant interviews were triangulated and interpreted using the Policy Dystopia Model (PDM). Results The TI tried to block and weaken the law after Parliament passed it. Tobacco control advocates used litigation to force implementation of the law while the TI used litigation in an effort to block implementation. The TI argued that tobacco was socially and economically important, and used front groups to weaken the law. Tobacco control advocates mobilized the media, launched public awareness campaigns, educated the legislature, utilized lawsuits, and monitored TI activities to successfully counter TI opposition. Conclusions Both tobacco control advocates and the industry used the discursive and instrumental strategies described in the PDM. The model was helpful for understanding TI activities in Nepal and could be applied to other low- and middle-income countries. Civil society, with the help of international health groups, should continue to track TI interference and learn the lessons from other countries to proactively to counter it. Implications The PDM provides an effective framework to understand battles over implementation of a strong tobacco control law in Nepal, a low- and middle-income country. The TI applied discursive and instrumental strategies in Nepal in its efforts to weaken and delay the implementation of the law at every stage of implementation. It is important to continuously monitor TI activities and learn lessons from other countries, as the industry often employ the same strategies globally. Tobacco control advocates utilized domestic litigation, media advocacy, and engaged with legislators, politicians, and other stakeholders to implement a strong tobacco control law. Other low- and middle-income countries can adapt these lessons from Nepal to achieve effective implementation of their laws.

scholarly journals Claims of reduced odor on tobacco packs in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufemi Erinoso ◽  
Kevin Welding ◽  
Katherine Clegg Smith ◽  
Joanna E Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
Japan Tobacco ◽  
Cigarette Packs ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Introduction Cigarettes designed to have less smoke smell were developed by the tobacco industry to supposedly reduce negative qualities. Cigarettes with marketing claims communicating these designs have been sold in high-income countries and marketing of “less smoke smell” terms on cigarette packaging can promote cigarette use. It is unclear to what extent they have been marketed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods The Tobacco Pack Surveillance System (TPackSS) systemically collected tobacco packs available in 14 LMICs with high tobacco use between 2013-2017. We coded 4,354 packs for marketing appeals, including claims related to smoke smell. We describe “less smoke smell” and similar claims found on these packs and compare across country and tobacco manufacturers. Results Phrases communicating less smoke smell were present on packs purchased in nine of 14 LMICs, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, Ukraine, and Vietnam. The most commonly (74.1%) used terminology was “less smoke smell”, "LSS" or a combination of the two. Packs from Russia had the most prevalent use (11.8%) of such claims. Companies using these terms across 21 brands included Japan Tobacco International (JTI), British American Tobacco (BAT), Philip Morris International (PMI) and other smaller companies. JTI accounted for 70.9% of packs with such terms. Conclusion Some of the world’s largest tobacco companies are communicating less smoke smell on packs in LMICs. Less smoke smell and similar phrases on packaging should be prohibited because they can enhance the appeal of cigarettes. Implications Tobacco companies are using “less smoke smell” and similar phrases on cigarette packs in LMICs. These claims have the potential to increase the appeal of smoking and promote cigarette use. Countries should consider policies to restrict attractive labeling claims, in accordance with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 13 guidelines, which recommends restrictions on attractive design elements on tobacco packaging.

scholarly journals Estimation of Tobacco Products Price and Income Elasticity using Aggregate Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Jovanovic ◽  
Jovan Zubović ◽  
Marko Vladisavljević ◽  
Duško Bodrož ◽  
Isidora Ljumović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Inelastic Analysis ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Low And Middle Income

In order to estimate elasticity of demand for tobacco products authors of this paper used aggregate level data. Research among low and middle income countries over the world empirically showed that demand for tobacco products is usually inelastic. Analysis conducted in the Republic of Serbia showed that price elasticity ranged between -0.76 and -0.62 while income elasticity ranged between 0.34 and 0.39.  The main aim of this paper is to estimate long run and short run demand elasticity based on aggregate level data for period 2002-2016 using Error Correction model. This research is unique in the SEE countries, while research conducted in other low and middle income countries in Western Balkan region showed similar results.

Uncovering TAPS strategies of the tobacco industry at PoS in low- and middle-income countries: the case of Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 996-1001
Author(s):  
Fatih Uznay ◽  
Sevtap Gumus
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Survey Form ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Product Displays ◽  
The City

Abstract Background This study aims to uncover strategies executed by the tobacco industry against tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) bans at points of sale (PoS) in Turkey. Methods The data are based on a field study conducted in the city of Izmir. There are 10 750 PoS in all of Izmir; the 6200 PoS in the 11 central districts were considered as potential subjects. Using a proportional sampling method (95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error), it was calculated that 384 PoS could adequately represent the whole. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with PoS administrators, using survey form consisting of 53 questions. Descriptive statistics methods have been used to analyze the data. Results Of a total of 384 PoS visited; 96.4% featured at least one type of display/TAPS ban violation, 94.5% featured display settings creating brand dominance on display units, 76.7% received promotional payments and 14.8% received free tobacco products for featured display settings. Additionally, 29.2% of PoS had tobacco product displays visible from outside, 26.8% sold tobacco products on the counter, 24.7% featured advertising items on display units, 19.3% sold tobacco products as single stick and 11.7% had price tags with fonts larger than the legally fixed 20 pt. Conclusions An official institution specializing in tobacco control must be established to continually inspect the tobacco market. Tobacco products must stay hidden, in closed cupboards or under the counter, and communication between PoS and tobacco industry must be limited. In addition, tobacco products must be distributed by government institutions rather than the industry.

scholarly journals The vector of the tobacco epidemic: tobacco industry practices in low and middle-income countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungkyu Lee ◽  
Pamela M. Ling ◽  
Stanton A. Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Some Conditions for Task Shifting in Low and Middle-Income Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop de Jong ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Robert Macy ◽  
Aline & Herman Ndayisaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Shifting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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