Hydraulic Fracturing as Game Changer to Maximize Waterflooding Efficiency in a Brownfield

Primary production mechanism of a clean sandstone reservoir in a brownfield for oil production has been recently changed from natural depletion to waterflooding. Despite the apparently moderate petro-physical properties of the formation, injector wells performances were observed to be extremely poor, mainly due to: high drilling-induced formation damage and Fluids interaction within the reservoir (injection across the oil rim section). Several stimulation technologies have been applied to improve wells injection capability for pressure support optimization. Re-perforation via abrasive jetting, perforations wash through coiled tubing and various acid formulations via bullheading were attempted without achieving any significant increase in injectivity. Considering the modest rock permeability, the need to access a wider formation area to improve oil sweep efficiency and the crucial requirement to re-pressurize the reservoir, an additional card was played as last resort: hydraulic fracturing. This technique was not new to the area and already experimented by different operators. Several producer wells in different layers were hydraulic fracturing stimulated with proppant and/or acid in the past with a good rate of success. Why not to try then? Given the past experience on the same field with hydraulic fracturing in oil producers and accounting for well integrity and potential injectivity, one was chosen as suitable candidate. Offset wells hystorical data were used to build a hydraulic fracturing reservoir model and plan for the activity in details; operator and service providers engaged in a Frac Well On Paper activity in order to reduce any margin of error during field operations. An approach that proved successful. From there, the first trial well was planned and performed successfully. 4 other hydraulic fracturing jobs on 4 wells followed at close distance in time with different, but steadily comforting, results. Injection was improved from negligible initial values up to 2000 mc/day for the post-stimulation condition, exceeding the preliminary expectations. This paper introduces the steps taken to start the hydraulic fracturing campaign, the decision process that led to the design of the treatment, an overview of the execution phases, results well by well and lessons learned to optimize future campaigns.

Frequency of Genital Tuberculosis in Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Laparoscopy for Infertility

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of genital tuberculosis in patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy for infertility. METHODOLOGY: It is a descriptive (cross-sectional) prospective study. The study was performed within the duration of six months i.e., February 12th, 2020 to August 12th, 2020 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 196 patients were observed by using 47.1% proportion of genital tuberculosis in infertility, 95% confidence interval with margin of error 7%, using software of WHO for sample size calculation. Further, sample collection was performed using non-probability (consecutive) sampling techniques. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in our study was 30 years (SD+3.92). Fifty seven percent of cases were having primary infertility and 43% of patients were having secondary infertility. The incidence of genital tuberculosis undergoing infertility was 45%. CONCLUSION: Our study concludes that the incidence of genital TB in infertility in our setup was 45%.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CELL PHONE USAGE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN

The adverse effects of excessive mobile phone (MP) use on children include deprivation from sleep, increased risk of lack of concentration, depression, anxiety and obesity. No such study has been conducted in children from Pakistan. Objectives: To assess the association of MP usage and musculoskeletal disorders in school going children. Methods: This was a cross sectional survey. Data were collected from different private schools of Karachi, Pakistan. Convenient non probability sampling technique was used. A sample size of 385 students was taken keeping a confidence interval of 95% with 5% margin of error. Results: A total of 385 subjects participated. It was also noticed that 75.6% (291) students have smart phone and 5.2% (20) have conventional phone and remaining 19.2% (74) have camera phone. It was noticed that the participants 306 (79.5%) said they slept for 1–2[Formula: see text]h daily and 30 (7.8%) had sleep for 3–4[Formula: see text]h daily. One hundred and four 104 (27%) had noticed pain in neck. Conclusion: The use of MP for any activity was associated with sleep deprivation and pain in wrist/hands followed by neck and upper back pain. The usage of MP should be limited to avoid the stress on musculoskeletal parts of the body.

Correlation Between β2-Microglobulin, Grobulin Levels & The Number of Plasmatic Cells in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

Introduction: Multiple myeloma is multifocal neoplasia of plasmatic cells that affects the bone marrow. It is associated with the production of a urinary or serum protein. It represents approximately 1 percent of cancer cases worldwide and between 10 to 15 percent of all cases of hematological malignancy. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the β2-microglobulin levels are correlated with other factors that can predict multiple myelomas such as the number of plasmatic cells and the creatine levels. Goals: To determine the correlation between β2-microglobulin, globulin levels, and the number of plasmatic cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Methods and techniques: We conducted an observational, retrospective, transversal, and analytical study in the Hospital of the Mexican Institute of Social Security at the Veracruz port. Our population analyzed comprehended 45 patients between the ages 30 and 80 with a confirmed diagnosis of multiple myeloma. We measured the β2-microglobulin levels and globulin levels, and the number of plasmatic cells during the diagnosis of patients. Furthermore, we conducted a statistical analysis using a Pearson correlation. Results: The average age was 61 years with a margin of error of 11.48 years. The myeloma of IgG type was the one of major prevalence and represent 82.2 percent. It was followed by the IgA type and the IgM type, which represented 15.5 and 2.2 percent respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) between the β2-microglobulin levels and globulin levels was 0.92. The Pearson's r between the number of plasmatic cells and β2-microglobulin, excluding patients with high serum creatine levels (i.e. larger than 1.2 mg/dl), was 0.371. Conclusions: The predominant type of myeloma in the analyzed population was the IgG type. Furthermore, this myeloma affected mainly men in our study. The average age was 61 years with a margin of error of 11.48 years when compared to other populations in our study.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Gender Equality in Achieving SDG5

This research was conducted to determine the awareness level of the students’ at the Universityof Malaya (UM) towards gender equality in achieving SDG5. A set of survey questionnaire established onKnowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) was distributed through an online Google survey form to allUM students’, and 123 responses were collected to evaluate the awareness level (95% confidenceinterval with ± 5% margin of error). Data analysis was conducted through SPSS software. The resultsrevealed that the respondents have a higher knowledge level with lower attitude and practices levels.Spearman’s Rho coefficient correlation was used to evaluate the relationship level within variables(between knowledge and practices and attitude and practices). The results reported a weak positivecorrelation within knowledge and practice levels (r= .275, N= 123, p=

Revealing Readiness and Obstacles for Implementation of Financial Accounting Standards Msmes in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the readiness and constraints of MSMEs in Indonesia in preparing financial reports in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards MSMES. This study uses a sample data of 271 MSME respondents throughout Indonesia. The sampling technique of this study was accidental sampling by calculating the number of samples using a sample size calculator on www.raosoft.com with consideration of a margin of error of 5%, a level of confidence of 90% and an expected response of 95 %. This study uses descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis by providing interpretation of data obtained from questions in interviews and questionnaires. The results of an analysis showed that 217 respondents or 80% of respondents had no knowledge of Financial Accounting Standards MSMEs. This shows that SMEs in Indonesia are not ready to implement Financial Accounting Standards MSMEs.

Comparison of a Biosensor and a Commercial UV-Visible Method for Measuring Hexavalent Chromium in Liquid Medium

The objective of the research was to contrast two methods for the quantification of hexavalent chromium. The first method is the biosensor that from the gene transformation of the cells of Escherichia coli, was incorporated by electroporation the plasmid pTOP Blunt V2, synthesized with luxA genes that provides luminescence through the catalytic activity of the luciferase top and chr genes that give the bacteria resistance to chromium. The second method is the application of the UV-visible colorimetric technique. Chromium was analysed at different concentrations, from 0.05 mg l−1 (maximum allowable limit for human consumption); 0.1 mg l−1; 0.2 mg l−1; 0.4 mg l−1; 0.8 mg l−1 and 1 mg l−1 with 5 replicates, subsequent to this, the two methods of chromium analysis were applied in river samples, thus obtaining that the biosensor in concentrations of 2x106 CFU of E. coli, has a margin of error of 1.4%, a result derived from the coefficient of determination of the absorbance of chromium, unlike the UV-visible method with the colorimetric equipment, which presented a reading error of 3.9%.

The impact of nonresponse in different survey stages on the precision of prevalence estimates for multi-stage survey studies

Objective While it is known that nonresponse might produce biased results and impair the precision of results in survey research studies, the pattern of the impact on the precision of estimates due to the nonresponse in different survey stages is historically overlooked. Having this type of information is essential when creating recruitment plans. This study proposes to examine and compare the effect of nonresponse in different stages on the precision of prevalence estimates in multi-stage survey studies. Based on data from a state level survey, a simulation approach was used to generate datasets with different nonresponse rates in three stages. The margin of error was then compared between the datasets with nonresponse at three different survey stages for 12 outcomes. Results At the same nonresponse rate, the mean margin of error was greater for the data with nonresponse at higher stages. Additionally, as the nonresponse rate increased, precision was more inflated within the data with higher stage nonresponse. This suggests that the effort used to recruit the primary sampling units is more crucial to improve the precision of estimates in multi-stage survey studies.

Orthopantomography and use of Mandibular Indices for the Evaluation of Gender Distribution in Navi Mumbai Population - A Retrospective, Single Blind Study

Introduction: The study of forensic sciences often leaves the forensic expert to draw conclusions from any and every material available in determining the identity of the deceased. The initial step in identifying a person is to determine their gender based on their adult skeleton. The human skeleton displays sexual dimorphism, of which the skull is most dimorphic providing an accurateness of 92%. However, in certain situations where the skull may not be found intact, the mandible plays a vital role. The mandible's thick covering of compact bone helps keep it from exploding during a mass tragedy. Dimorphism in the mandible is gender specific and is mainly reflected in its shape and size. The mandible is also easily radiographed and specific linear measurements of the mandibular rami as seen on an OPG are useful indices for gender determination. Aims: To examine the efficacy of mandibular rami measures such as maximum ramus breadth, maximum ramus height, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height, coronoid height, mandibular body length and gonial angles on the right and left side of an OPG in determining gender. Materials and methods: 110 digital OPG’s (55 males, 55 females) of a Navi Mumbai population were obtained retrospectively from a reputed dental college and hospital. The OPG’s were taken using Xtropan 2000 OPG machine, 10x12 PSP plates, exposure parameters of 75 Kvp, 8 mas, 13 sec, and KODAK CR 7400 digitizer. Master View 3.0 software was used on the desktop computer to measure the mandibular ramus's width and thickness. Maximum ramus breadth, Maximum Ramus height and lowest ramus breadth of the mandibular rami, as well as the height of the condyle and the coronoid bone, and the length of the mandibular body and gonial angles on the right and left sides of the mouth, were all measured. Using a statistical formula, the measurements were substituted and gender was estimated. Result: We used the IBM SPSS v 21.0 statistical software for social sciences to do our statistical study. p0.05 was deemed statistically significant, with a 5% margin of error and a 20% margin of error, giving the study an 80 percent power. In the study group, 51 of the 55 men were expected to be males, while 49 of the 55 females were anticipated to be females, while 6 of the 55 females were predicted to be males. Conclusion: This research shows that the mandibular ramus is a useful tool for determining gender, and digital panoramic imaging yielded the best accurate linear measures. There was considerable sexual dimorphism in the mandibular ramus in the chosen Navi – Mumbai subpopulation, and the combination of 8 factors demonstrated an accuracy of 91.81 percent and was helpful for gender determination.

Statistical Analysis and Development of Accident Prediction Model of Road Safety Conditions in Hisar City

The severity of road accidents is a big problem around the world, particularly in developing countries. Recognizing the major contributing variables can help reduce the severity of traffic accidents. This research uncovered new information as well as the most substantial target-specific factors related to the severity of road accidents. T-stat, P-value, Significance and other test values are determined to check the dependency of dependent variable on independent variable in order to obtain the most significant road accident variables. In this research, a comparative analysis of accident data from Hisar and Haryana are compared. According to the findings, Haryana’s accident severity index (46.20) was higher in 2019 than Hisar’s (36.01), while Hisar had fewer accidents per lakh population (33.34) than Haryana (38.40). The outcomes of the study were used to develop an effective and precise accident predicting model is developed for Hisar city and state Haryana using a statistical method. Four models were created using linear regression analysis, two each for Hisar and Haryana. These models produce good results with a margin of error that is within acceptable bounds (0-5%), allowing them to be used to predict future traffic accidents and deaths.