scholarly journals Accuracy and reliability of ultrasound estimation of fetal weight in women with a singleton term pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Reena Sharma ◽  
Rohit Bhoil ◽  
Poojan Dogra ◽  
Sushruti Kaushal ◽  
Ajay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight

Background: Prenatal estimation of birth-weight is of utmost importance to predict the mode of delivery. This is also an important parameter of antenatal care. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of estimated fetal weight by ultrasound, compared with actual birth weight.Methods: This was a prospective and comparative study comprising 110 pregnant women at term. Patients who had their sonography done within 7 days from date of delivery were included. Fetal weight was estimated by Hadlock 2 formula, the software of which was preinstalled in ultrasound-machine. The estimated fetal weight was compared to the post-delivery birth-weight. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and the accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation was evaluated using mean error, mean absolute error, mean percentage error, mean absolute percentage error and proportion of estimates within 10% of actual birth weight.Results: Mean estimated and actual birth weights were 3120.8±349.4 gm and 3088.2±404.5 g respectively. There was strong positive correlation between estimated fetal weight and actual birth weight (r = 0.58, p<0.001). The mean percentage error and mean absolute percentage error of ultrasound fetal weight estimations were 1.96±11.8% and 8.7±8.2% respectively. The percentage of estimates within ±10% of the actual birth weight was found to be 67.3%. In 23% of the cases, ultrasound overestimated the birth weight. In 13% of the cases, ultrasound underestimated the birth weight.Conclusions: There was strong positive correlation between actual and sonographically estimated fetal weight. So, ultrasonography can be considered as useful tool for estimating the fetal weight for improving the perinatal outcome.

scholarly journals Accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation in a tertiary care hospital in Bharatpur, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Natraj Prasad ◽  
Pratik Poudel ◽  
Pramod Kumar Chhetry
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Weight Estimation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Fetal Weight Estimation ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight

Background & Objectives: Among the various methods used in the estimation of intrauterine fetal weight, sonographic fetal weight estimation is the one and has become an important component of antenatal care. The study was conducted with objective to assess the accuracy and reliability of ultrasound estimation of fetal weight in women with a singleton term pregnancy. Materials & Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 120 women with singleton term pregnancies. Ultrasound estimated fetal weight was calculated by measuring the biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference. The estimated fetal weight was compared to the actual birth weight post delivery. The correlation between estimated fetal weight and actual birth weight was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and the accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation was measured using mean error, mean absolute error, mean percentage error, mean absolute percentage error and proportion of estimates within 10% of actual birth weight. Results were tested at error level set at p ≤ 0.05.Results: Mean estimated and actual birth weights were 2863.5 ± 441.9 g and 2822.5 ± 407.7 g respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between estimated fetal weight and actual birth weight (r= 0.71, p <0.001). The mean percentage error and mean absolute percentage error of ultrasound fetal weight estimations were 1.9 ± 11.4% and 8.8 ± 7.5% respectively. Conclusion: Sonographically estimated fetal weight had strong positive correlation with actual birth weight and thus sonography can be used in the estimation of fetal weight for the better perinatal outcome. 

scholarly journals Clinical versus ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation and its correlation with actual birth weight

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Ashwini Ingale ◽  
Shweta Avinash Khade ◽  
Sneha Shirodkar
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Weight Estimation ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Fetal Weight Estimation ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error

Background: This is a prospective study was conducted at Obstetrics and Gynecology department, tertiary care Hospital, to compare the accuracy of clinical and ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight at term with actual birth weight.Methods: The present study is a prospective comparative study of fetal weight estimation in Antenatal women with term gestation (37week to 42week of gestation) singleton pregnancy with vertex presentation, who had gestational age confirmed by dates and ultrasound scanning of< 22weeks admitted in tertiary care center from March 2016 to November 2016. Patients with Polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, Antepartum hemorrhage, Congenital anomalies of fetus, Obese (Body mass index >30 kilogram/meter2) are excluded from the study. Estimation of fetal weight is done by clinical method and ultrasonography. Birth weight after delivery was recorded in grams by electronic weighing machine and tabulated.Results: Clinical as well as ultrasonography estimates observed to be strongly correlate with actual birth weight. Both the methods had more sensitivity in birth weight range 2500-4000gm than <2500g and >4000g. The overall mean absolute percentage error of the clinical method (7.2±7.7) was smaller than that of the sonographic method (16.2±11.1). In low birth-weight (<2,500g) group, mean absolute percentage error was 9.0±11.3 with USG and same with clinical was 11.7±9.0. No statistically significant difference was observed.Conclusions: The present study concludes that clinical estimation of birth-weight is as accurate as routine ultrasonographic estimation.Clinical palpation should be considered as diagnostic tool for FWE and is equally reliable even when done by trained medical person. It is cheap and easy to teach. The need is to practically apply this method in obstetrics and guide the management decisions.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Sonography in estimating Fetal Weight of Low Birth Weight Babies

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Lavanya Rai ◽  
Sanghamithra Reddy ◽  
Shripad Hebbar
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Weight Estimation ◽  
Validation Group ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Formula Derivation ◽  
New Formula

ABSTRACT Background Currently available ultrasound-based fetal birth weight estimation methods have been designed for a group of neonates with wide birth weight range and hence are faced with increased error of margin. Whenever there is a need for delivering pregnant woman with small fetus, prior knowledge of approximate fetal weight is of utmost importance for neonatal survival, and an error in this process can result in significant morbidity/mortality to the newborn baby. This necessitates need for the establishment of new birth weight formula exclusively for this subset of fetuses. Objectives To test the accuracy of established formulae in fetuses ≤ 2000 gm at birth in singleton pregnancies. To develop new formula for this group of small fetuses delivering in our institution with maximal accuracy and reliability and to prospectively validate this formula in subsequent set of pregnant cohort. Materials and methods The current study was done in two phases: The first phase was a formula derivation phase wherein the four major parameters [biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL)] were evaluated from a set of 128 postpartum women who delivered a neonate weighing ≤2 kg within 1 week of ultrasound examination. Stepwise regression analysis using birth weight as dependent parameter and fetal biometric parameters as independent parameters was used to develop the best formula for estimating fetal weight at birth. In the second phase (formula validation phase), the newly derived formula was tested for its accuracy in 31 pregnant women who gave birth to neonates weighing ≤2 kg. Results The new formula (log10 [BW] = 1.0131 + 0.0216 × HC + 0.0448 × AC + 0.2183 × FL + 0.0001 × BPD × AC – 0.0059 × AC × FL) was superior to established birth weight formulae. In the formula derivation group, the lowest mean ± standard deviation (SD) absolute error was 130 ± 91 gm and the lowest mean absolute percentage error was 9.8 ± 7% SD for the new formula and 61.7% of weight estimates fell within ± 10% of the actual weight at birth and this percentage further increased to 83.6 and 91.4% for error of margin of ±15 and ±20% respectively. When this formula was applied in the validation group, the absolute error in grams was 102 ± 115 and absolute percentage error was 7.4 ± 7; hence 77.4% fell within 10%, 80.6% fell within 15%, 90.3% fell within 20%. Further, in the validation group, mean ± SD of estimated birth weight was 1337 ± 406 gm, which was closest to actual birth weight (1328 ± 433 gm). Conclusion Our new formula is likely to estimate birth weight in small fetuses (≤2 kg) with reasonable accuracy and reliability. When compared to available methods of ultrasound birth weight estimation, absolute error and absolute percentage error is least with our formula indicating a good fit. How to cite this article Reddy S, Hebbar S, Rai L. Feasibility of Sonography in estimating Fetal Weight of Low Birth Weight Babies. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2016;7(2):42-48.

scholarly journals Novel Spatiotemporal Feature Extraction Parallel Deep Neural Network for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiou-Jye Huang ◽  
Yamin Shen ◽  
Ping-Huan Kuo ◽  
Yung-Hsiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Spatiotemporal Feature ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic continues as of March 26 and spread to Europe on approximately February 24. A report from April 29 revealed 1.26 million confirmed cases and 125 928 deaths in Europe. This study proposed a novel deep neural network framework, COVID-19Net, which parallelly combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and bidirectional gated recurrent units (GRUs). Three European countries with severe outbreaks were studied—Germany, Italy, and Spain—to extract spatiotemporal feature and predict the number of confirmed cases. The prediction results acquired from COVID-19Net were compared to those obtained using a CNN, GRU, and CNN-GRU. The mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error, and root mean square error, which are commonly used model assessment indices, were used to compare the accuracy of the models. The results verified that COVID-19Net was notably more accurate than the other models. The mean absolute percentage error generated by COVID-19Net was 1.447 for Germany, 1.801 for Italy, and 2.828 for Spain, which were considerably lower than those of the other models. This indicated that the proposed framework can accurately predict the accumulated number of confirmed cases in the three countries and serve as a crucial reference for devising public health strategies.

Estimation of fetal weight by ultrasonography after preterm premature rupture of membranes: comparison of different formulas

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sertac Esin ◽  
Mutlu Hayran ◽  
Yusuf Aytac Tohma ◽  
Mahmut Guden ◽  
Ismail Alay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Weight Estimation ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Preterm Premature Rupture ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weight Groups

AbstractObjective:To compare different ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation formulas in predicting the fetal birth weight of preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM) fetuses.Methods:Based on the ultrasonographic measurements, the estimated fetal weight (EFW) was calculated according to the published formulas. The comparisons used estimated birth weight (EBW) and observed birth weight (OBW) to calculate the mean absolute percentage error [(EBW–OBW)/OBW×100], mean percentage error [(EBW–OBW)/OBW×100)] and their 95% confidence intervals.Results:There were 234 PPROM patients in the study period. The mean gestational age at which PPROM occured was 31.2±3.7 weeks and the mean gestational age of delivery was 32.4±3.2 weeks. The mean birth weight was 1892±610 g. The median absolute percentage error for 33 formulas was 11.7%. 87.9% and 21.2% of the formulas yielded inaccurate results when the cut-off values for median absolute percentage error were 10% and 15%, respectively. The Vintzileos’ formula was the only method which had less than or equal to 10% absolute percentage error in all age and weight groups.Conclusions:For PPROM patients, most of the formulas designed for sonographic fetal weight estimation had acceptable performance. The Vintzileos’ method was the only formula having less than 10% absolute percentage error in all gestational age and weight groups; therefore, it may be the preferred method in this cohort. Amniotic fluid index (AFI) before delivery had no impact on the performance of the formulas in terms of mean percentage errors.

PERBANDINGAN RUMUS JOHNSON DAN RUMUS RISANTO DALAM MENENTUKAN TAKSIRAN BERAT JANIN PADA IBU HAMIL DENGAN BERAT BADAN BERLEBIH

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Leo Jumadi Simanjuntak ◽  
Patrick Anando Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight

Background: Estimated fetal weight (EFW) is important to determine mode of delivery. The use of estimated fetal weight based on fundal height has been widely used, but the use on overweight mothers is still limited. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the Johnson’s and Risanto’s formula in estimating fetal weight on overweight mothers. Method: The design used was cross-sectional, conducted at Mitra Sejati, Herna, and Methodist Sussana Wesley hospital on November 2019 until January 2020. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare EFW mean differences between Johnson’s and Risanto’s to actual birth weight. Paired t-test was used to compare EFW mean differences between Johnson’s and Risanto’s. Results: There were 103 overweight pregnant mothers fulfilling study criteria. The BMI mean was 31,26 ± 5l,54 kg/m2. Both Johnson’s and Risanto’s formula had no significant mean difference compare to actual birth weight, of 332,45 gram on Johnson’s (p value = 0,070) and 298,57 gram on Risanto’s (p value = 0,863). The mean difference between Risanto’s formula and actual birth weight was significantly lower than Johnson’s (mean difference = 33,88 gram, p value = 0,01). Conclusions: EFW measurement using Johnson’s and Risanto’s formula based on fundal height can be applied and used properly by health care workers. Risanto’s formula was more accurate to estimate fetal weight than Johnson’s in overweight mothers.   Latar belakang: Menentukan taksiran berat janin (TBJ) adalah penting bagi penolong persalinan untuk menentukan jenis persalinan. Pengukuran TBJ menggunakan tinggi fundus uterus merupakan metode yang banyak digunakan, namun penggunaan pada ibu hamil dengan berat badan berlebih masih terbatas. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan rumus Johnson dan rumus Risanto dalam menentukan TBJ pada ibu hamil dengan berat badan berlebih. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang, data diambil di RSU Mitra Sejati, RSU Herna, dan RSU Methodist Sussana Wesley pada November 2019 – Januari 2020. Dilakukan uji Mann-Whitney untuk membandingkan perbedaan rerata TBJ dengan rumus Johnson dan Risanto dengan berat badan lahir. Uji-t berpasangan digunakan untuk membandingkan perbedaan rerata TBJ dengan rumus Johnson dan Risanto. Hasil: Didapatkan 103 ibu hamil yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian dengan rerata IMT 31,26 ± 5l,54 kg/m2. Terdapat perbedaan rerata TBJ rumus Johnson dan rumus Risanto dibandingkan berat badan lahir sebesar 332,45 gram dan 298,57 gram. Tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata bermakna antara penghitungan TBJ menggunakan rumus Johnson dengan berat badan lahir (p = 0,070) dan rumus Risanto dengan berat badan lahir (p = 0,863). Perbedaan selisih TBJ Risanto dengan berat badan lahir lebih rendah dibandingkan selisih TBJ Johnson dengan berat badan lahir, yaitu sebesar 33,88 gram dan bermakna secara statistik (p = 0,01). Kesimpulan: Pengukuran TBJ menggunakan rumus Johnson dan rumus Risanto dapat diterapkan dan digunakan dengan baik oleh tenaga medis. Rumus Risanto memiliki tingkat ketepatan yang lebih baik dibandingkan rumus Johnson dalam menentukan TBJ pada ibu hamil dengan berat badan berlebih.

Comparison between clinical estimated fetal weights (CEFW) Versus Ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight (UEFW) for co-relation with actual birth weight (ABW) in 3rd Trimester of Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e1-e4
Author(s):  
Rabia Razaq
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight

Background: Accurate prenatal estimation of birth weight is useful in the management of labour and delivery. Objective: To determine the correlation between clinical estimated fetal weight with actual birth weight in 3rd trimester of pregnancy and to determine the correlation between Ultrasonographic fetal weight assessment with actual birth weight in 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Material & Methods: This cross sectional study with non-probability purposive sampling technique was conducted in three tertiary care hospitals of Punjab, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Lady Aitcheson Hospital Lahore and Lady Willington Hospital Lahore. Informed consent was obtained from each female to use their data for research purpose. Demographic details were also noted. Then females undergo CEFW was done by using Johnson’s formula. Then ultrasonography was done on every female by experienced radiologists to get UEFW. FW measurement was done by using Shepard formula. Then females were followed-up till delivery of fetus. Actual birth weight (ABW) was noted on birth. Pearson correlation was used to measure the correlation coefficient for CEFW and UEFW with ABW. P-value≤0.05 was taken as significant. Results: In our study the mean age of the patients was 29.60±6.23 years and the mean gestational age of 33.30±2.31 weeks. The mean BMI value of the patients was 23.08±1.26 Kg/m2, the mean CEFW value 2219.60±556.41 grams while the mean UEFW value of the patients was 2227.77±521.94 grams and the mean value of ABW of the patients was 2284.00±515.29 grams. In our study the positive correlation was found between the CEFW, UEFW with ABW of the baby. Conclusion: Our study results concluded that both the clinical estimation ultrasonography estimation showed the feasible and reliable results. Both showed positive correlation with actual birth weight.

FRACTIONAL RESIDUAL PLOT FOR MODEL VALIDATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Arina Bazilah Kamisan ◽  
Muhammad Hisyam Lee ◽  
Suhartono Suhartono ◽  
Abdul Ghapor Hussin ◽  
Yong Zulina Zubairi
Keyword(s):  
Model Validation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Residual Plot

A pairwise comparison is important to measure the goodness-of-fit of models. Error measurements are used for this purpose but it only limit to the value, thus a graph is used to help show the precision of the models. These two should show a tally result in order to defense the hypothesis correctly. In this study, a fractional residual plot is proposed to help showing the precision of forecasts. This plot improvises the scale of the graph by changing the scale into decimal ranging from -1 to 1. The closer the point to 0 will indicate that forecast is robust and value closer to -1 or 1 will indicate that the forecast is poor. Two error measurements which are mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and residual plot are used to justify the results and make comparison with the proposed fractional residual plot. Three difference data are used for this purpose and the results have shown that the fractional residual plot could give as much information as the residual plot but in an easier and meaningful way. In conclusion, the error plot is important in visualize the accurateness of the forecast.  

scholarly journals Correlation between Estimated Fetal Weight at Term by Ultrasonogram and Actual Birth Weight

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
NR Shapla ◽  
MA Aleem ◽  
E Jesmin ◽  
H Ahmed ◽  
YS Lepe
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Biometric Data ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Estimated Fetal Weight

The estimation of foetal birth weight is an important factor in the management of high risk pregnancies. Estimated foetal weight is calculated in the standard routine antepartum evaluation of high risk pregnancies and deliveries. This prospective observational study was done at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Border Guard Hospital, Peelkhana, Dhaka over a period of 6 months from January 2012 to June 2012. The present study was carried out to compare the accuracy of actual and ultrasonographic estimation of foetal weight at term. Hundred pregnant women at different gestational age from 37 weeks to 40 weeks were selected by simple random sampling. Ultrasonography was done for determination of estimated foetal weight (EFW) at term by using Hadlock method and birth weight was measured just after delivery. Data analysis was done by percentage and paired ‘t’ test. The age range of patients were 18-37 years with mean ±SD is 25.13±4.46. Among 100 study patients 33% were nuliparous and 67% were multiparous. The mean ±SD of gestational age and actual birth weight is 38.76±1.09 and 3.11±0.391 respectively. Ultrasound biometric data that includes mean ±SD biparietal diameter (BPD) in mm, abdominal circumference (AC) in mm and femur length (FL) in cm were 90.21±3.52, 327.67±20.75 and 7.45±1.43 respectively. Mean ±SD of estimated foetal weight (EFW) Kg was 2.97±0.53. Actual birth weight is correlated with the estimated foetal weight and the result was not statistically significant (P >.05). Calculation of estimated fetal weight by ultrasonography is recommended to make decision about mode of delivery, so that an obstetrician can plan early in high risk cases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v32i1.21032 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 21-25

scholarly journals Evaluation of Several Error Measures Applied to the Sales Forecast System of Chemicals Supply Enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ma. del Rocío Castillo Estrada ◽  
Marco Edgar Gómez Camarillo ◽  
María Eva Sánchez Parraguirre ◽  
Marco Edgar Gómez Castillo ◽  
Efraín Meneses Juárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Error Evaluation ◽  
Sales Forecast ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Sales Prediction ◽  
Prediction Techniques ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

The objective of the industry in general, and of the chemical industry in particular, is to satisfy consumer demand for products and the best way to satisfy it is to forecast future sales and plan its operations.Considering that the choice of the best sales forecast model will largely depend on the accuracy of the selected indicator (Tofallis, 2015), in this work, seven techniques are compared, in order to select the most appropriate, for quantifying the error presented by the sales forecast models. These error evaluation techniques are: Mean Percentage Error (MPE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE), Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) and Mean Absolute Arctangent Percentage Error (MAAPE). Forecasts for chemical product sales, to which error evaluation techniques are applied, are those obtained and reported by Castillo, et. al. (2016 & 2020).The error measuring techniques whose calculation yields adequate and convenient results, for the six prediction techniques handled in this article, as long as its interpretation is intuitive, are SMAPE and MAAPE. In this case, the most adequate technique to measure the error presented by the sales prediction system turned out to be SMAPE.

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