scholarly journals Review of Subthreshold Diode Micropulse Laser Treatment for Retinal Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Juhn AT ◽  
Shyu AP ◽  
Benjamin J ◽  
Zhang Y
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Micropulse Laser ◽  
Vein Occlusion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
New Treatment

Subthreshold Diode Micropulse (SDM) laser is a relatively new treatment modality that confers very little to no anatomical risk to the retina. However, its efficacy is still being studied, and the scenario where SDM is most useful is still being elucidated. This paper reviews articles from 1997 to 2017 and reviews the settings, results, and outcomes of SDM in various clinical settings including diabetic macular edema, branch retinal vein occlusion, central serous Chorioretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration.

scholarly journals Multifocal intraocular lenses and retinal diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 258 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Grzybowski ◽  
Piotr Kanclerz ◽  
Raimo Tuuminen
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Epiretinal Membranes ◽  
Multifocal Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Purpose Multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) are often discouraged in patients with or at risk of retinal disorders (including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and epiretinal membranes), as MIOLs are believed to reduce contrast sensitivity (CS). Concerns with MIOLs have also been raised in individuals with visual field defects, fixation instability or eccentric preferred retinal locations. The aim of this study is to review the influence of MIOL on quality of vision in patients with retinal diseases. Methods We reviewed the PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies using the following keywords: multifocal intraocular lens, cataract surgery, cataract extraction, lens exchange, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and contrast sensitivity. Results Studies evaluating CS in MIOLs present conflicting results: MIOLs either did not influence CS or resulted in worse performance under low-illuminance conditions and higher spatial frequencies when compared to monofocal IOLs. Nevertheless, MIOLs preserved CS levels within the age-matched normal range. Two studies reported that patients with concurrent retinal diseases receiving a MIOL, both unilaterally and bilaterally, reported a significant improvement in visual-related outcomes. Individuals with a monofocal IOL in one eye and a MIOL in the fellow eye reported greater subjective satisfaction with the MIOL. Conclusion We were unable to find evidence suggesting that patients with retinal diseases should be advised against MIOLs. Nevertheless, more research is needed to address the aforementioned concerns and to optimize the use of MIOLs in eyes with retinal disease.

The Blood–Retinal Barrier in Retinal Disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Cunha-Vaz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Blood Retinal Barrier ◽  
Age Related

The blood–ocular barrier system is formed by two main barriers: the blood–aqueous barrier and the blood–retinal barrier (BRB). The BRB is particularly tight and restrictive and is a physiological barrier that regulates ion, protein and water flux into and out of the retina. The BRB consists of inner and outer components, the inner BRB being formed of tight junctions between retinal capillary endothelial cells and the outer BRB of tight junctions between retinal pigment epithelial cells. The BRB is essential to maintaining the eye as a privileged site and is essential for normal visual function. Alterations of the BRB play a crucial role in the development of retinal diseases. The two most frequent and relevant retinal diseases, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are directly associated with alterations of the BRB. Diabetic retinopathy is initiated by an alteration of the inner BRB and neovascular AMD is a result of an alteration of the outer BRB. Treatment of retinal diseases must also deal with the BRB either by using its specific transport mechanisms or by circumventing it through intravitreal injections

scholarly journals Empowering Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ocular Degenerative Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding ◽  
Subbiah ◽  
Khan ◽  
Farhana ◽  
Mok
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Ocular Tissue ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been employed in numerous pre-clinical and clinical settings for various diseases. MSCs have been used in treating degenerative disorders pertaining to the eye, for example, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and optic neuritis. Despite the known therapeutic role and mechanisms of MSCs, low cell precision towards the targeted area and cell survivability at tissue needing repair often resulted in a disparity in therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the current and feasible strategy options to enhance treatment outcomes with MSC therapy. We will review the application of various types of biomaterials and advances in nanotechnology, which have been employed on MSCs to augment cellular function and differentiation for improving treatment of visual functions. In addition, several modes of gene delivery into MSCs and the types of associated therapeutic genes that are important for modulation of ocular tissue function and repair will be highlighted.

scholarly journals Eph Receptors and Ephrins in Retinal Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6207
Author(s):  
Radoslaw Kaczmarek ◽  
Pawel Gajdzis ◽  
Malgorzata Gajdzis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Common Point ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Eph Receptors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Common

Retinal diseases are the leading cause of irreversible blindness. They affect people of all ages, from newborns in retinopathy of prematurity, through age-independent diabetic retinopathy and complications of retinal detachment, to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which occurs mainly in the elderly. Generally speaking, the causes of all problems are disturbances in blood supply, hypoxia, the formation of abnormal blood vessels, and fibrosis. Although the detailed mechanisms underlying them are varied, the common point is the involvement of Eph receptors and ephrins in their pathogenesis. In our study, we briefly discussed the pathophysiology of the most common retinal diseases (diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and choroidal neovascularization) and collected available research results on the role of Eph and ephrins. We also discussed the safety aspect of the use of drugs acting on Eph and ephrin for ophthalmic indications.

scholarly journals Quantitative cone contrast threshold testing in patients with differing pathophysiological mechanisms causing retinal diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla M. White ◽  
Caroline Frambach ◽  
John Doan ◽  
Urmi V. Mehta ◽  
Itamar Livnat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Contrast Threshold ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Vein Occlusion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Threshold Testing

AbstractPurposeCone contrast threshold testing (CCT) provides quantitative measurements of color and contrast function to reveal changes in vision quality that is not a standard endpoint in clinical trials. We utilize CCT to measure visual function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), epiretinal membrane (ERM), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO).MethodsRetrospective data was gathered from 268 patients of the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute. Subjects included 17 patients with MS, 45 patients with AMD, 41 patients with ERM, 11 patients with RVO, and 123 age and visual acuity-matched healthy controls. Patients underwent the primary measurement outcome, CCT testing, as well as Sloan visual acuity test and spectral domain optical coherence tomography during normal care.ResultsColor and contrast deficits were present in MS patients regardless of history of optic neuritis. AMD with intermediate or worse disease demonstrated reduced CCT scores. All 3 stages of ERM demonstrated cone contrast deficits. Despite restoration of visual acuity, RVO-affected eyes demonstrated poorer CCT performance than unaffected fellow eyes.ConclusionsCCT demonstrates color and contrast deficits for multiple retinal diseases with differing pathophysiology. Further prospective studies of CCT in other disease states and with larger samples sizes is warranted.Brief Summary StatementIn a retrospective analysis of 268 adults, cone contrast threshold testing (CCT) demonstrates patterns of visual function deficits in multiple sclerosis and age-related macular degeneration and similar declines in epiretinal membranes and retinal vein occlusion beyond standard visual acuity. Across all disease states, color and contrast vision were negatively impacted.

scholarly journals Update of application of olfactory ensheathing cells and stem cells/exosomes in the treatment of retinal disorders

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Licheng Li ◽  
Shu Lin ◽  
Jianmin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Retinitis Pigmentosa ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Retinal Disorders ◽  
Ensheathing Cells

AbstractAge-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa and other retinal disorders are the main causes of visual impairment worldwide. In the past, these retinal diseases, especially dry age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa, were treated with traditional surgery and drugs. However, the effect was moderate. In recent years, researchers have used embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells and other stem cells to conduct experiments and found that stem cells can inhibit inflammation, regulate immune response, secrete neurotrophic factors, and differentiate into retinal cells to replace and promote restoration of the damaged parts. These stem cells have the potential to treat retinal diseases. Whether it is in animal experiments or clinical trials, the increase in the number of retinal cells, maintenance of function and improvement of visual function all reflect the advanced of stem cells to treat retinal diseases, but its risk preserves the donor’s hidden pathogenic genes, immune rejection and tumorigenicity. With the development of exosomes study, researchers have discovered that exosomes come from a wide range of sources and can be secreted by almost all types of cells. Using exosomes with stem cell to treat retinal diseases is more effective than using stem cells alone. This review article summarizes the recent advances in the application of olfactory ensheathing cells and stem cells/exosomes in the treatment of retinal disorders.

scholarly journals MR pathway in retinal health and diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Behar-Cohen ◽  
Min Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Transgenic Models ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Choroidal Vasculature

In the retina, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), expressed in vessels, glial and neuronal cells, is mainly activated by glucocorticoids. Under pathological conditions, ocular MR expression and corticoids change, leading in most cases to MR overactivation. Experimental models using MR agonists or antagonists, administered systemically or intraocularly, acutely or chronically and transgenic models, allowed to identify the deleterious consequences of MR pathway overactivation. Among them, oxidative stress, inflammation, deregulation of hydro-ionic channels, alteration of choroidal vasculature, angiogenesis and cell death, are common to major retinal diseases. Specific MR antagonists showed efficacy in models of diabetic retinopathy, ischaemia, retinal and choroidal angiogenesis and in models of glaucoma. It is highly likely that MR antagonists will find a place in the therapeutic arsenal of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and in pachychoroid associated diseases. Their use in humans is still limited by the need of biomarkers of MR activation and specific ocular formulations.

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