scholarly journals Congenital Rubella Syndrome among Hospitalised Infants in South India - A Long Way to Go

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 551-555
Author(s):  
Aslam Pala Kuzhiyil ◽  
Rajesh Thaliyil Veettil ◽  
Binci Charulatha ◽  
Geeta M. Govindaraj
Keyword(s):  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Psychosocial Burden ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Salt And Pepper

BACKGROUND The prevalence of rubella immunity in India is 55 % in pregnant women during the first 3 months of pregnancy and nearly 45 % of women are susceptible to congenital rubella syndrome. The exact epidemiology or actual burden of congenital rubella syndrome has not yet been assessed in the Indian population. In the run up to the target of controlling congenital rubella by 2020, there is added impetus to document congenital rubella syndrome cases, its clinical characteristics, interventions needed and psychosocial problems of infants and their parents, admitted with laboratory confirmed congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS A retrospective study based on hospital records was conducted between January 2016 and December 2017. Clinically confirmed cases not satisfying laboratory criteria for congenital rubella syndrome were excluded. In-depth interviews of mothers were conducted. RESULTS 16 infants with a positive IgM rubella antibody were included. Microcephaly was observed in 9 (56 %) babies. Ophthalmological manifestations were present in 12 (75 %) babies; of whom 9 (75 %) had cataract. Glaucoma occurred in 3 (18 %) babies and 2 (12.5 %) had salt and pepper retinopathy. Hearing impairment was detected in 8 (50 %) babies. Congenital heart disease was present in 15 (93.7 %) infants. Surgical interventions including cataract surgery, patent ductus arteriosus ligation and cochlear implantation were necessary in 14 babies. CONCLUSIONS Congenital rubella syndrome is still a significant problem and urgent measures are needed to increase immunisation coverage of the target population. Affected families endure a heavy physical and psychosocial burden, which should be addressed simultaneously. KEYWORDS Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Rubella Vaccination, Cataracts

scholarly journals Developing Rubella Vaccination Policy in Nepal—Results From Rubella Surveillance and Seroprevalence and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Studies

2011 ◽  
Vol 204 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S433-S438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam Raj Upreti ◽  
Kusum Thapa ◽  
Yasho Vardan Pradhan ◽  
Geeta Shakya ◽  
Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Rubella Vaccination

Rubella — what is the danger of this disease?

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Vladimir Anatolievich Klimov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Joint Inflammation ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Torch Infections

Rubella, along with toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and herpes, belongs to TORCH infections, diseases that can have a detrimental effect on the fetus if infected during pregnancy. The disease is caused by a virus, the only known source and carrier of which is human. Mostly children and young people are susceptible to the disease; they tolerate the disease quite easily. Of the clinical symptoms, it should be noted the appearance of a rash, a slight increase in temperature, regional lymphadenitis, and sometimes conjunctivitis. In adults, joint inflammation can also occur, which usually lasts 3–7 days. The rubella virus is most dangerous when a woman first becomes infected during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. The probability of intrauterine infection of the fetus in this situation is 90 %, as a result of which it may die or develop congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). As a result, children with congenital rubella syndrome can suffer from developmental defects, hearing and visual impairments, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders. To prevent intrauterine infection of the fetus, vaccination against rubella is carried out, which leads to the development of stable immunity. Today rubella vaccination is carried out in 168 countries of the world, which allows immunization coverage of about 70 % of women. The countries of the African continent and Southeast Asia are the least affected by rubella vaccination, as a result of which there are about 4 cases of births of children in utero infected with the virus per 1000 births.

scholarly journals Systemic Comorbidity in Children with Cataracts in Nigeria: Advocacy for Rubella Immunization

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseline Duke ◽  
Sidney Oparah ◽  
Adedayo Adio ◽  
Okon Eyo ◽  
Friday Odey
Keyword(s):  
Septal Defect ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Pulmonary Stenosis ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Physical Handicap ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
School Girls ◽  
Systemic Condition ◽  
Childhood Cataract

Background. Congenital and developmental cataracts are leading causes of childhood blindness and severe visual impairment. They may be associated with systemic diseases including congenital heart diseases which are among the major causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood. The pattern of systemic comorbidities seen in children diagnosed with cataract in Calabar, Nigeria, was studied.Methods. A retrospective review was conducted on the children who had cataract surgery between 2011 and 2012. Diagnosis of the systemic condition was documented.Results. A total of 66 children were recruited for the study. Cardiac disease was seen in 26 children (39.9%), followed by delayed milestone in 16 (24.2%), intellectual disability in 14 (21.2%), deafness in 11 (16.7%), epilepsy in 4 (6.1%), and physical handicap in 3 (4.5%) of them. Clinically confirmed Congenital Rubella Syndrome was seen in 30 (45%) of the children. The pattern of CHD seen was as follows: patent ductus arteriosus in 16 (24.2%) followed by ventricular-septal defect in 5 (7.6%), atrial-septal defect in 3 (4.5%), and pulmonary stenosis in 2 (3%).Conclusion. Systemic comorbidities, especially cardiac anomalies, are common among children with cataract in Nigeria. Congenital Rubella Syndrome may be a prominent cause of childhood cataract in our environment. Routine immunization of school girls against rubella is advocated as a measure to mitigate this trend.

scholarly journals Congenital Rubella Syndrome: An Overview of Clinical Presentations in Bangladeshi Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nure Ishrat Nazme ◽  
Md Mahbubul Hoque ◽  
Manzoor Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Serological Test ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Neurological Problem

Background: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) has long been characterized by the triad of deafness, cataract and cardiovascular malformations with or without mental retardation. Objective: This study was conducted to observe the clinical manifestations of CRS in children of Bangladesh. Materials and method: This cross sectional study was carried out in Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh and National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total 40 cases of CRS were enrolled from indoor and outpatient departments of these two hospitals, who were diagnosed according to standard case definition. Serological test for rubella antibody, chest X-ray, colour Doppler echocardiography, visual examination and hearing assessment were done in relative specialised centres. Results: The mean(±SD) age of the study subjects was 6.6(±5.7) months (range: 0-24 months). Among the subjects, 68% were male and 32% were female. Serum for rubella specific antibody revealed positive IgG in 60% cases and IgM in 28% cases. Neurological problem was the most frequently observed (90%) systemic complication followed by visual problem (83%), congenital hearing loss (80%) and congenital heart disease (78%). Cataract was the commonest (55%) among visual problems and microcephaly (62%) among neurological manifestations. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was the most common (37.5%) isolated structural cardiac defect. Maximum (62.5%) children came from poor socioeconomic status. Maternal onset of infection was commonly detected in 1st trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion: Diagnosis of CRS and recognition of its versatile pattern of clinical presentation are crucial for better prognosis of the affected children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20522 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2014; 2(2): 42-47

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