Rubella — what is the danger of this disease?

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Vladimir Anatolievich Klimov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Joint Inflammation ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Torch Infections

Rubella, along with toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and herpes, belongs to TORCH infections, diseases that can have a detrimental effect on the fetus if infected during pregnancy. The disease is caused by a virus, the only known source and carrier of which is human. Mostly children and young people are susceptible to the disease; they tolerate the disease quite easily. Of the clinical symptoms, it should be noted the appearance of a rash, a slight increase in temperature, regional lymphadenitis, and sometimes conjunctivitis. In adults, joint inflammation can also occur, which usually lasts 3–7 days. The rubella virus is most dangerous when a woman first becomes infected during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. The probability of intrauterine infection of the fetus in this situation is 90 %, as a result of which it may die or develop congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). As a result, children with congenital rubella syndrome can suffer from developmental defects, hearing and visual impairments, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders. To prevent intrauterine infection of the fetus, vaccination against rubella is carried out, which leads to the development of stable immunity. Today rubella vaccination is carried out in 168 countries of the world, which allows immunization coverage of about 70 % of women. The countries of the African continent and Southeast Asia are the least affected by rubella vaccination, as a result of which there are about 4 cases of births of children in utero infected with the virus per 1000 births.

Congenital Rubella and Myxedema

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-496
Author(s):  
Theodore W. AvRuskin ◽  
Mario Brakin ◽  
Christina Juan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
White Girl ◽  
Congenital Rubella

Thyroid disorders have been reported following congenital rubella: four cases of thyroiditis1-4 and two patients with thyrotoxicosis5,6 are known. We report a patient with childhood myxedema and congenital rubella, and indicate that myxedema may occur as a sequela to rubella. This combination of disorders should be added to thyroiditis,5 hypopituitarism7 and adrenal insufficiency4 in the spectrum of possible late diabetes mellitus complications of the congenital rubella syndrome. Patients with congenital rubella should be tested periodically for these endocrine deficiencies. CASE REPORT An 8[unknown]-year-old white girl was the product of a seven-month gestation complicated by maternal rubella in the first trimester. Birth weight was 1 kg.

scholarly journals Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Mawson ◽  
Ashley M. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Liver Dysfunction ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Hypervitaminosis A ◽  
Background Rate ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella

Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in pregnancy. As many as 8%–13% of children with CRS developed autism during the rubella epidemic of the 1960s compared to the background rate of about 1 new case per 5000 children. Rubella infection and CRS are now rare in the U.S. and in Europe due to widespread vaccination. However, autism rates have risen dramatically in recent decades to about 3% of children today, with many cases appearing after a period of normal development (‘regressive autism’). Evidence is reviewed here suggesting that the signs and symptoms of rubella may be due to alterations in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin A (retinoids), precipitated by the acute phase of the infection. The infection causes mild liver dysfunction and the spillage of stored vitamin A compounds into the circulation, resulting in an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A. Given that vitamin A is a known teratogen, it is suggested that rubella infection occurring in the early weeks of pregnancy causes CRS through maternal liver dysfunction and exposure of the developing fetus to excessive vitamin A. On this view, the multiple manifestations of CRS and associated autism represent endogenous forms of hypervitaminosis A. It is further proposed that regressive autism results primarily from post-natal influences of a liver-damaging nature and exposure to excess vitamin A, inducing CRS-like features as a function of vitamin A toxicity, but without the associated dysmorphogenesis. A number of environmental factors are discussed that may plausibly be candidates for this role, and suggestions are offered for testing the model. The model also suggests a number of measures that may be effective both in reducing the risk of fetal CRS in women who acquire rubella in their first trimester and in reversing or minimizing regressive autism among children in whom the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed.

scholarly journals Developing Rubella Vaccination Policy in Nepal—Results From Rubella Surveillance and Seroprevalence and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Studies

2011 ◽  
Vol 204 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S433-S438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam Raj Upreti ◽  
Kusum Thapa ◽  
Yasho Vardan Pradhan ◽  
Geeta Shakya ◽  
Yuddha Dhoj Sapkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Rubella Vaccination

scholarly journals EDUKASI PEMBERIAN IMUNISASI MR (MEASLES RUBELLA) PADA IBU YANG MEMILIKI ANAK USIA BALITA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Melia Pebrina ◽  
Fenny Fernando ◽  
Annisa Novita Sary
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Measles Elimination ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
And Control ◽  
Immunization Campaign

Campak dan Rubella merupakan penyakit infeksi menular melalui saluran nafas yang disebabkan oleh virus Campak dan Rubella.Vaksin MR (Measles Rubella) memberikan manfaat seperti dapat melindungi anak dari kecacatan dan kematian akibat komplikasi pneumonia, diare, kerusakan otak, ketulian, kebutaan, dan penyakit jantung bawaan. Indonesia telah berkomitmen untuk mencapai eliminasi campak dan pengendalian rubella/Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) pada tahun 2020. Berdasarkan hasil surveilans dan cakupan imunisasi, maka imunisasi campak rutin saja belum cukup untuk mencapai target eliminasi campak. Sedangkan untuk akselerasi pengendalian rubella/CRS maka perlu dilakukan kampanye imunisasi tambahan sebelum introduksi vaksin MR ke dalam imunisasi rutin. Program Pengabdian Masyarakat ini melalui penerapan Ipteks bagi masyarakat bertujuan mengenalkan dan tercapainya cakupan imunisasi measles rubella. Kegiatan pengabmas dilaksanakan hari Rabu  tanggal 18 Februari 2021 pukul 10.00 Wib, tempat pelaksanaan di Puskesmas Nanggalo Padang. Peserta yang hadir jumlah 15 orang ibu-ibu yang mempunyai anak usia balita. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan tersebut terjadinya peningkatan pengetahuan ibu yang mempunyai anak usia balita tentang pemberian imunisasi MR. Diharapkan petugas kesehatan meningkatkan edukasi tentang pemberian imunisasi MR.  Kata Kunci: Imunisasi MR (Measles Rubella)  ABSTRACT Measles and Rubella are infectious diseases that are transmitted through the respiratory tract caused by the measles and rubella viruses. The MR (Measles Rubella) vaccine provides benefits such as protecting children from disability and death due to complications of pneumonia, diarrhea, brain damage, deafness, blindness and heart disease. built-in. Indonesia has committed to achieve elimination of measles and control of rubella / Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) by 2020. Based on the results of surveillance and immunization coverage, routine measles immunization alone is not sufficient to achieve the target of measles elimination. Meanwhile, for the acceleration of rubella / CRS control, it is necessary to carry out an additional immunization campaign before the introduction of the MR vaccine into routine immunization. This Community Service Program through the application of science and technology for the community aims to introduce and achieve measles rubella immunization coverage. Community service activities will be carried out on Wednesday, February 18, 2021 at 10.00 WIB, the place of implementation is at the Nanggalo Padang Health Center. Participants who attended were 15 mothers who have children under five. Based on the results of these activities there is an increase in the knowledge of mothers who have children aged under five about giving MR immunization. It is hoped that health workers will increase education about MR immunization. Keywords: immunization MR (Measles Rubella)Campak dan Rubella merupakan penyakit infeksi menular melalui saluran nafas yang disebabkan oleh virus Campak dan Rubella.Vaksin MR (Measles Rubella) memberikan manfaat seperti dapat melindungi anak dari kecacatan dan kematian akibat komplikasi pneumonia, diare, kerusakan otak, ketulian, kebutaan, dan penyakit jantung bawaan. Indonesia telah berkomitmen untuk mencapai eliminasi campak dan pengendalian rubella/Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) pada tahun 2020. Berdasarkan hasil surveilans dan cakupan imunisasi, maka imunisasi campak rutin saja belum cukup untuk mencapai target eliminasi campak. Sedangkan untuk akselerasi pengendalian rubella/CRS maka perlu dilakukan kampanye imunisasi tambahan sebelum introduksi vaksin MR ke dalam imunisasi rutin. Program Pengabdian Masyarakat ini melalui penerapan Ipteks bagi masyarakat bertujuan mengenalkan dan tercapainya cakupan imunisasi measles rubella. Kegiatan pengabmas dilaksanakan hari Rabu  tanggal 18 Februari 2021 pukul 10.00 Wib, tempat pelaksanaan di Puskesmas Nanggalo Padang. Peserta yang hadir jumlah 15 orang ibu-ibu yang mempunyai anak usia balita. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan tersebut terjadinya peningkatan pengetahuan ibu yang mempunyai anak usia balita tentang pemberian imunisasi MR. Diharapkan petugas kesehatan meningkatkan edukasi tentang pemberian imunisasi MR.  Kata Kunci: Imunisasi MR (Measles Rubella)  ABSTRACT Measles and Rubella are infectious diseases that are transmitted through the respiratory tract caused by the measles and rubella viruses. The MR (Measles Rubella) vaccine provides benefits such as protecting children from disability and death due to complications of pneumonia, diarrhea, brain damage, deafness, blindness and heart disease. built-in. Indonesia has committed to achieve elimination of measles and control of rubella / Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) by 2020. Based on the results of surveillance and immunization coverage, routine measles immunization alone is not sufficient to achieve the target of measles elimination. Meanwhile, for the acceleration of rubella / CRS control, it is necessary to carry out an additional immunization campaign before the introduction of the MR vaccine into routine immunization. This Community Service Program through the application of science and technology for the community aims to introduce and achieve measles rubella immunization coverage. Community service activities will be carried out on Wednesday, February 18, 2021 at 10.00 WIB, the place of implementation is at the Nanggalo Padang Health Center. Participants who attended were 15 mothers who have children under five. Based on the results of these activities there is an increase in the knowledge of mothers who have children aged under five about giving MR immunization. It is hoped that health workers will increase education about MR immunization. Keywords: immunization MR (Measles Rubella)

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude, and practice of care providers about congenital rubella syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Lantonirina Ravaoarisoa ◽  
Todisoa N. Andriatahina ◽  
Zina A. Randriananahirana ◽  
Andrianina H. Ranivoson ◽  
Vonintsoa L. Rahajamanana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Behaviour of healthcare providers when facing an illness is an important part of their struggle. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, the attitude and the practice of health care providers regarding to the Congenital Rubella Syndrome.Methods: Authors did a descriptive study on the knowledge, the attitude and the practice of healthcare providers about Congenital Rubella Syndrome with 161 healthcare providers working in 8 hospitals in Madagascar. A self-introduced survey was used to collect the data.Results: There were 87% of all healthcare providers included in the study, who said that rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy was the cause of this syndrome for child, 87% knew at least 2 of the 3 major signs of Congenital Rubella Syndrome and more than 80% had a good knowledge of the criteria for diagnosing cases (suspected, clinically confirmed, laboratory confirmed). The referral to a hospital or to a specialist was the most proposed for the management of the case of Congenital Rubella Syndrome. The prescription of an IgG avidity for rubella and advising abortion were the main propositions for mothers having a positive test at the first trimester of pregnancy.Conclusions: A fairly satisfactory level of knowledge of healthcare providers was noted.

scholarly journals Congenital Rubella Syndrome among Hospitalised Infants in South India - A Long Way to Go

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 551-555
Author(s):  
Aslam Pala Kuzhiyil ◽  
Rajesh Thaliyil Veettil ◽  
Binci Charulatha ◽  
Geeta M. Govindaraj
Keyword(s):  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Psychosocial Burden ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Salt And Pepper

BACKGROUND The prevalence of rubella immunity in India is 55 % in pregnant women during the first 3 months of pregnancy and nearly 45 % of women are susceptible to congenital rubella syndrome. The exact epidemiology or actual burden of congenital rubella syndrome has not yet been assessed in the Indian population. In the run up to the target of controlling congenital rubella by 2020, there is added impetus to document congenital rubella syndrome cases, its clinical characteristics, interventions needed and psychosocial problems of infants and their parents, admitted with laboratory confirmed congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS A retrospective study based on hospital records was conducted between January 2016 and December 2017. Clinically confirmed cases not satisfying laboratory criteria for congenital rubella syndrome were excluded. In-depth interviews of mothers were conducted. RESULTS 16 infants with a positive IgM rubella antibody were included. Microcephaly was observed in 9 (56 %) babies. Ophthalmological manifestations were present in 12 (75 %) babies; of whom 9 (75 %) had cataract. Glaucoma occurred in 3 (18 %) babies and 2 (12.5 %) had salt and pepper retinopathy. Hearing impairment was detected in 8 (50 %) babies. Congenital heart disease was present in 15 (93.7 %) infants. Surgical interventions including cataract surgery, patent ductus arteriosus ligation and cochlear implantation were necessary in 14 babies. CONCLUSIONS Congenital rubella syndrome is still a significant problem and urgent measures are needed to increase immunisation coverage of the target population. Affected families endure a heavy physical and psychosocial burden, which should be addressed simultaneously. KEYWORDS Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Rubella Vaccination, Cataracts

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