scholarly journals Edema-Swelling as a Standard Dose-Dependent Response of the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Formation to Acute Ischemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova ◽  
S. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. Yu. Shoronova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
White Rats ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Long Term Preservation ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

The aim of research was to study structural changes and give a morphometric characteristic of the edemaswelling manifestations of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation in sexually mature white rats after common carotid artery occlusion (OCCA) of different duration and ligation (LCCA) of the common carotid arteries.Material and methods. Acute ischemia was simulated in white adult Wistar rats by 20-, 30-, and 40-min occlusion and ligation of the common carotid arteries. Histological (staining with hematoxylin-eosin, according to Nissl), immunohistochemical (NSE, MAP-2, GFAP) and morphometric research techniques were used for morphological investigations. Morphometric analysis of the edema-swelling manifestations was carried out on samples stained with hematoxylin-eosin using plugins of the ImageJ 1.53 program (Find Maxima, Find Foci). Statistical hypotheses (nonparametric tests) were tested using Statistica 8.0 software.Results. After reperfusion, pronounced involution of large zones of edema-swelling occurred in the DG of the hippocampal formation in white rats of the groups I, II, III after 7–14 days, and in rats of the group IV (ligation) the edema-swelling manifestations persisted for 30 days. Similar dynamics was recorded for the molecular and polymorphic layer of the DG, but the values of the integral variable chosen to assess the edema-swelling manifestations (the total intensity of the peak pixels) were different. The largest relative area of the brightest peaks was detected after bilateral ОССА (groups II and III) and LCCA (group IV), the smallest – after unilateral ОССА (group I). It is significant that after mild ischemia (20- and 30-min ОССА), the parameter increased only in 1 and 3 days, and then decreased. After more severe ischemia (40-min ОССА), similar manifestations of overhydration were observed in 1–7 days. With LССА, a high level of DG overhydration was noted throughout the observation period, as evidenced by the high relative area of all the brightest peaks. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing all groups for all periods, between groups in 14 and 30 days, between periods in groups I, II, and III (ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test; Mann–Whitney U-test).Conclusion. After ОССА and LССА the restoration of the structures of the sensory input of the hippocampus (DG) occurs together with long-term preservation of signs of hyperhydration of the neuropil, perineuronal and perivascular spaces (legs of astrocytes). The extreme degree of these manifestations after LССА evidences a disruption of the drainage-detoxification function of astrocytes. In ОССА, long-term preservation of the edema-swelling manifestations is recommended to be considered as a condition for the implementation of the mechanisms of sanogenesis and restoration of the DG nervous tissue.

scholarly journals Cytoarchitectonic features of the neocortex, archicortex and amygdala of white rats after a 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
A. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova ◽  
S. S. Stepanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Distribution Shape ◽  
Protective Processes ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Purpose. The study is focused on glioarchitectonics of the neocortex, archicortex and amygdala of Wistar white rats in normal state and after a 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries.Materials and methods. Light (stained with hematoxylin and eosin) microscopy, immunohistochemistry (GFAP), and morphometry were used to study the distribution, shape, and area of GFAP-immunopositive brain cells in the normal range (n = 5) and at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 (n = 25) after acute ischemia.Results. Focal changes were found in the density of the glial network: decrease and increase in the local content of GFAP-positive material. Reactive, dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in neurons after acute ischemia were accompanied by reorganization of neuroglia and increase in the neuroglia index in certain zones by 1.2–1.5 times. The surface area of the particles in GFAP-positive astrocytes in sections of the neocortex in the control was 8.4–18.1, but after 3 days after ischemia this rate in some parts of the neocortex rose to 45.0–59.3%. In the hippocampus this rate was 8.1% and 16.2%, and in the amygdala it was 12.6% and 21.2%. Hypertrophy of mature astrocytes was manifested by the increase in the diameter, degree of branching and length of their processes.Conclusion. The obtained data are considered as a phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning and activation of protective processes in neuro-glio-vascular microcomplexes. 

scholarly journals Structural-functional Reorganization of the Nucleolar Apparatus of Neurons of the Neocortex, Archicortex and Basal Ganglia of the Brain of White Rats After a 20-minute Occlusion of the Common Carotid Arteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
S. S. Stepanov ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
A. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Neuronal Nuclei ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Reperfusion Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
The Brain

The purposeof the study was devoted to the investigation of nucleoli and related structures of the nucleus of neurons in the brain of white rats in normal and after 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries.Material and methods.Structural types, tinctorial properties, number, shape, size and distribution of neuronal nuclei of the neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala in the control (falsely operated animals, n=5) and after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days (n=25) after acute ischemia were studied by light (stained with hematoxilin and eosin, according to Nisl), electron (uranyl acetate and lead citrate), fluorescence (DAPI) and morphometry.Results. The study showed that neurons with one nucleolus (about 90%) prevailed in the control in all studied parts of the brain. In the postischemic period is marked by considerable heterogeneity of morphological and functional activity of nucleoli – depletion alone, activation and amplification of others. Neocortex, CA1and CA3zones of hippocampus with a large share of neurons (up to 40%) with an increased number of nucleoli were revealed after 1–7 days after ischemia. The highest content of such neurons was observed in the neocortex and CA3field of the hippocampus after 1 and 3 days. 14 days after ischemia, the number of nucleoli in neurons was restored to the level of control and remained so after 30 days.Conclusion. Thus, after acute ischemia caused by 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries, qualitative and quantitative changes in nucleoli were revealed. Within 7 days after reperfusion, there was an "adaptive-reparative shift" in the chromosomal balance and the activity of the existing nucleolar organizers of the preserved neurons increased. These changes we refer to the mechanisms of natural protection of the nervous tissue of the brain in the reperfusion period.

scholarly journals Common Carotid Artery Occlusion and Double-Nucleated Cellular Structures In The Rat Sensorimotor Cerebral Cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
S. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. Yu. Shoronova ◽  
L. M. Makarieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
White Rats ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

The aim of the study. To study the double-nucleated cellular structures of the brain sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of sexually mature white rats after a 40-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries.Methods. Acute ischemia was simulated in white Wistar rats by 40-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries (OCCA). We performed comparative morphometric evaluation of cyto-, dendro-, synapto-, and glioar-chitectonics of the neocortex in intact animals (n=5), and 1 (n=5), 3 (n=5), and 7 days (n=5) after OCCA. We used Nissl, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemical reactions for NSE, MAP-2, HSP-70, p38, caspase-3, GFAP, AIF1, and Ki-67. Numerical density of pyramidal neurons, oligodendrocytes (ODCs), mi-croglyocytes (MGCs), presence of dystrophic and necrobiotic neurons with one or more nucleoli, hetero- and dikaryons were assessed. Statistical hypotheses were tested using Statistica 8.0 software.Results. The percentage of dystrophic and necrobiotic neurons, nerve cells with two nuclei or two or more nucleoli, the total number (proliferation) and percentage of hypertrophic astrocytes, ODCs and MGCs increased significantly after OCCA. The total numerical density of SMC neurons decreased by 26.4% (P=0.001) in layer III and by 18.5% in layer V (Mann-Whitney U Test; P=0.01) after OCCA throughout the observation period. Pathological and compensatory changes were diffusely focal and more pronounced in layer III of the neocortex. The density of bi-nucleated heterokaryons and dikaryons remained unchanged on days 1 and 3 after OCCA vs control and was 3.5 (1.5-4.0)/mm2, and increased to 6.5 (5.0-8.5)/mm2 on day 7 (Mann-Whitney U Test; P=0.002). This increase occurred along with a higher density of ODCs and MGCs than in the control. The maximum number of neurons with two or more nucleoli was also noted in layer III and V during this period.Conclusion. After 40-minute OCCA in SMC, parallel to the dystrophic and necrobiotic changes of pyramidal neurons and activation of neuroglial cells, there was an increase in the formation of heterokaryons and neurons with amplified nucleolus. These changes were considered as a variant of neuronal response to ischemic damage.

scholarly journals Neurons Communication in the Hippocampus of Field CA3 of the White Rat Brain after Acute ischemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
A. S. Stepanov ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
S. S. Stepanov ◽  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Stratum Radiatum ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Stratum Lucidum ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

The aim of this studywas to compare the pyramidal neurons, their processes and synapses in the stratum lucidum, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum of the molecular layer of the field CA3 of the hippocampus of the brain of white rats in the normal state and after acute ischemia caused by a 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries.Materials and methods.In the experiment, using histological methods (hematoxylin and eosin, staining by Nissle and immunohistochemistry for p38, MAP-2) and electron microscopy, the pyramidal neurons of field CA3, their processes and synapses in stratum lucidum, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum of the molecular layer were studied. The main group included animals in the reperfusion period (1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days;n=30), comparison group — falsely operated animals (n=20). Morphometric analysis was performed using ImageJ 1.46, the verification of statistical hypotheses — Statistica 8.0.Results.After occlusion of the common carotid arteries (CCAO) in the field CA3 of hippocampus, reactive, compensatory and reparative reorganization of pyramidal neurons and their communication structures was noted. On day 1, there was a decrease, and then (days 3—14) restoration of the total number of synapses and of P38-positive material within the area of synapses. According to electron microscopy, in the early post-ischemic period, the total numerical density of synaptic contacts in the stratum lacunosum of the molecular layer decreased by 44.8%, and after 14 days recovered to control. In stratum lucidum, the area of P38-positive material decreased by 8.8% after 1 day, and recovered after 3—7 days.Conclusion.After the CCAO, the communication systems of the pyramid neurons of the field CA3 hippocampus of white rats were reorganized. Neurons of the field CA3 had high tolerance to ischemia and ability to restore interneural relations after reperfusion. In the surviving neurons, high levels of the cytoskeleton (MAP-2) marker and synaptic vesicles (p38) were detected. Data demonstrate structural and functional safety of all components of the communication system of a significant part of pyramidal neurons in acute ischemia. After reperfusion, the most significant alterations included the reconstructed interneuron synapses in the stratum radiatum and the lacunosum molecular layer.

scholarly journals Functional and Proliferative Activity of Cells of Neuro-Glio-Vascular Complexes of Sensorimotor Cortex, Hippocampus and Amygdala of White Rats Brain During Early Postischemic Period

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
A. S. Stepanov ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study is to determine functional and proliferative activity of sensorimotor cortex (SMC), hippocampus and amygdala (AM) cells of the brain of white rats in normal and after 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries (without hypotension). Material and methods. Using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry were studied neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglia brain normal (n=5) and after 6 h, 1, 3 days (n=15) after acute ischemia. Antibodies to glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP) and Ki67 (manufacturer: Leica Biosystems Newcastle Ltd, UK) were used. Results. After reperfusion, against the background of neuronal damage (swelling, dystrophic and necrobiotic changes), processes of neuroglia cell proliferation were activated, expression of GFAP (hypertrophy of astrocytes) increased, neuroglial index increased, a large number of satellite astrocytes appeared around large neurons of the SMC. After 3 days in the SMC the content of Ki67-positive cells increased to 18.6% (95% CI: 13.5-24.7%) of all gliocytes, in the hippocampus and AM - respectively - to 7.5% (95% CI: 4.3-12.1%) and 10.7% (95% CI: 6.8-15.9%). Thus, statistically significant differences were revealed between the compared parts of the brain. Conclusion. In the acute period after a 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries in the SMC, the hippocampus and the AM increased functional and proliferative activity of astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglia, which functioned as a single integrated protective and insulating cellular system with a strong regional specificity.

Immunohistochemical Signs of Apoptosis and Neuroplasticity in the Cerebral Cortex of White Rats after Occlusion of the Common Carotid Arteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 804-809
Author(s):  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
S. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
A. Yu. Shoronova
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
White Rats ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

scholarly journals Dark Neurons of the Sensorimotor Cortex of White Rats after Acute Incomplete Ischemia in Terms of Artifacts Fixation and Neuroglial Relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
D. B. Avdeev ◽  
S. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova ◽  
A. Yu. Shoronova ◽  
L. M. Makar'eva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Dark Neurons ◽  
White Rats ◽  
The Common ◽  
Layer V ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Incomplete Ischemia

The aimof research was to study morphofunctional signs of the sensorimotor "dark neurons" formation in the cerebrum of sexually mature white rats under normal conditions and in 40 minutesafter the common carotid arteries (CCA) occlusion.Material and methods.Acute ischemia was simulated in white Wistar rats by a 40-min CCA occlusion. The brain was fixed by immersion and perfusion methods. A comparative morphometric assessment of cyto-and gliocytoarchitectonics of the neocortex was carried out under normal conditions (n = 6), 1 (n = 6), 3 (n= 6), and in 7 days (n = 6) after the common carotid arteries (CCA) occlusion. The Nissl staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical typing NSE, MAP-2, HSP-70, p38, CASP3, GFAP and AIF1 were applied. The numerical density of normochromic and hyperchromic (dark) pyramidal neurons, oligodendrocytes, microgliocytes, and the relative area of edema –swelling zones were determined. Statistical hypotheses were tested by nonparametric methods using Statistica 8.0 software.Results.The method of the brain fixation significantly influenced the content of the artifact dark neurons,which are similar in morphology and tinctorial properties to degeneratively altered dark neurons. The appearance of reversibly and irreversibly degeneratively altered dark neurons in the sensorimotor cortex after the CCA occlusion was accompanied by an increase in the relative area of edema  –swelling zones (control  –5.4%, 1st day  –17.6%). The maximum content of degeneratively altered dark neurons (53%) was found in layer V in 7 days after ischemia. According to the findings of immunohistochemical typing NSE, MAP-2, HSP-70, p38, CASP3, the specific proteins of the most degeneratively altered dark neurons were retained, ensuring their restoration and the neural network functioning. The total number density of sensorimotor neurons decreased by 26.4% (p =0.001) in layer III, and by 18.5% in layer V (Mann –Whitney U Test; p = 0.01) in 7 days after the intervention. The revealed changes were of a diffuse focal character. In the zones of degeneratively altered dark neurons accumulation, the content of astrocytes, microgliocytes and oligodendrocytes increased. The neuro-astroglial index (control  –1.62) increased to 2.72 in 3 days after the CCA occlusion. The peak in the number density of microgliocyte s was noted in 1 day, and the oligodendrocytes in 7 days after acute incomplete ischemia (Mann –Whitney U Test; p0.001).Conclusion.After a 40-minute common carotid arteries occlusion, dark neurons were detected in layers III and V of the sensorimotor cortex with underlying hydropic dystrophy; their cytomorphological pro perties indicated the dynamics of their in vivo degenerative changes. Restoration of degeneratively altered dark neurons was accompanied  by  an  increase  in  the  number  of  satellite  oligodendrocytes,  astrocytes  and  microgliocytes. The  revealed changes were considered as one of the variants of reversible changes in neurons in response to moderate ischemic damage.

scholarly journals PLEIOTROPIC ENZYMES OF APOPTOSIS AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ALBINO RAT HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER OCCLUSION OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Avdeev ◽  
V. A. Akulinin ◽  
A. S. Stepanov ◽  
A. V. Gorbunova ◽  
S. S. Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Stratum Radiatum ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Stratum Lucidum ◽  
Ischemic Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Ca3 Region

Aim: the aim of the study was to investigate the pleiotropic properties of the apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 and its associations with the synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus of albino rats in healthy animals and in rats after 20-min occlusion of the common carotid arteries.Material and Methods. Total numerical density of neurons, ultrastructure of synapses, and area of immunohistochemically positive hippocampal synaptic terminals of CA1 stratum radiatum and stratum lucidum CA3 were studied by the methods of optical microscopy (hematoxylin and eosin stain), electron microscopy (uranyl acetate and lead citrate as contrast agents), immunohistochemistry (MAP2, synaptophysin, caspase-3, p53, and bcl-2), and morphometry in the brains of intact rats (n=5) and in animals after acute ischemia at day 1 (n=5), 3 (n=5), 7 (n=5), 14 (n=5), and 30 (n=25).Results and Discussion. The study showed that 33.0% of pyramidal neurons in CA1 region and 17.4% of those in CA3 region underwent irreversible damage within 30 days of the post-ischemic period. Among the irreversibly damaged neurons, the cells with signs of coagulative-ischemic necrosis prevailed. In animals subject to ischemia, the relative area of synaptophysin-positive material initially decreased (at day 1) and then recovered (at days 3, 7). We found that caspase-3 colocalized with synaptophysin, which was especially evident in the giant synapses of the stratum lucidum of the hippocampal CA3 region. In the neurosomes of the hippocampal pyramidal cells, caspase-3 was not detected. However, this enzyme was found in the terminals of the axo-dendritic, axo-spine, and axo-somatic synapses. In the course of th e post-ischemic period, the most pronounced changes in the expression of caspase-3 were observed in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 field. Apoptosis regulatory proteins (p53, bcl-2) were detected in the individual neurons. In this regard, caspase-3 should be viewed in the context of its pleiotropy and involvement in the adaptation and recovery processes due to post-ischemic activation of neuroplasticity at the level of axons and synapses.Conclusion. After acute ischemia caused by 20-min occlusion of the common carotid arteries, the activation of caspase-3 contributes to ischemic preconditioning and neuroprotection.

scholarly journals Bilateral Displacement of the Common Carotid Arteries by a Large Goiter

Cureus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lexian J McBain ◽  
Joe Iwanaga ◽  
Rod J Oskouian ◽  
Marios Loukas ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Large Goiter ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries
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