Southern Republic of Letters

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-127
Author(s):  
Chelsea Stieber
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Travel Writing ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Southern Writers ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
The North ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Literary Writing ◽  
Intellectual Production ◽  
North And South

This chapter analyzes the emergence of a decidedly modern “literary” sensibility in southern writing during the latter half of the civil war period (1814–1820) that reflects the transformations of the republican state in Haiti under Pétion. A first part establishes the contours of Pétion’s “new” republicanism, which he elaborated within the Atlantic world transformations of the mid-1810s. Next, it analyzes the new republican publications that resulted from the North/South paper war, paying specific attention to southern writers’ efforts to define their intellectual production according to the emergent concepts of literature and criticism. In a second part, the chapter traces how this nascent notion of literary writing, forged in the crucible of civil war, gained hegemony under Jean-Pierre Boyer’s reunified republican state after the fall of Henry Christophe in 1820. Here, it performs a close analysis of the southern republican writer Hérard Dumesle’s Voyage dans le Nord d’Hayti, ou Révélations des lieux et des monuments historiques (1824), arguing that his piece of early domestic Haitian travel writing fixes the terms of the previous paper war between North and South from the position of southern republican hegemony.

Civil War, Guerre de Plume

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-90
Author(s):  
Chelsea Stieber
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
The North ◽  
Literary Writing ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
North And South

This chapter is the first of two that trace the distinctive cultures of writing in the North and South that emerged during this civil war period. The chapter analyzes the print culture of the civil war by comparing each government’s press operations, then focuses on a particularly fraught moment in the North/South civil war with the French Restoration government’s threat to retake the former colony. The chapter makes the case for a specific Christophean form that emerged during this period, the “refutation pamphlet,” based in the disassembling, unweaving, or piercing through of a political opponent’s text—deployed first against the French Restoration government, and then against Pétion’s southern republic. This Christophean writing stands in stark contrast to the southern liberal republican writing discussed in chapter 3, which celebrated literary writing as a direct expression of the liberal mind and heart, and was central to the task of illustrating and performing the successes of the liberal republican model. Taken together, these two chapters reveal Haitian writing during the civil war to be mutually constituted—in tension and in opposition—between a performative, polemical notion of writing in the Christophean sphere, and the emergent “literary” sense of writing in Pétion’s republican sphere.

scholarly journals Plantation Houses of North Florida

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Eduardo Robles
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Leon County ◽  
The North ◽  
Plantation Life ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
North And South

<p>The concept of Plantation conjures an image that identifies the North Florida / South Georgia region of the U. S. Leon County attracted many cotton planters from Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina in the 1820’s to the 1850’s. Up to the beginning of the Civil War, Leon County was the 5th largest producer of cotton counting all counties from Florida and Georgia. The Civil War brought the plantation culture to a standstill.</p><p>The plantations transformed the environment based on their need for open fields in which to cultivate different crops, or raise a variety of animals with the help of slaves. From the 1900’s many plantations abandoned their land to nature producing a deep change in the local landscape. Today plantations are not used as much for planting crops but more for hunting or as tree farms. The hunting plantations do not grow crops but provide good conditions for the hunting of animals and birds. Other plantations were torn apart, sold and now are part of the Tallahassee urban fabric. In other words, they disappeared.</p><p>The transformation of the plantations has been slow and steady, and has become the image of the area, even the region. The paper shows five plantations that represent five different evolutions of these traditional landscapes. The landscapes have evolved to accommodate the very local but fluid definition of place. It is this transformation, this evolving identity which helped preserve some of the traditional landscapes and the traditional architecture on them.</p><p>The most prominent feature of the plantation is the “Big House” or plantation house. The house embodies all aspects of the plantation life style. The construction materials and methods reflected the times, the technologies and the available resources.</p><p>The research has been done mainly in the archives of the Tallahassee Trust for Historic Preservation. The results, still pending, explain the land typology as it evolved from the golden decades of the plantation culture to the present day land use.</p>

scholarly journals Jean Fearless and Isabella of Bavaria: The Duo That Destroyed France

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
O. I. Nuzhdin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
The North ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
North And South

The article is devoted to the study of the collapse of the unity of France in the first third of the 15th century. During the civil war, Duke Jean the Fearless and Queen Isabella of Bavaria in 1417–1418. began to form alternative governing bodies to weaken the influence of their opponents in Paris. This led to the territorial disintegration of the country and the emergence of competing governments in the north and south of the kingdom.

The War Years

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The South ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Cotton Trade

Chapter 2 focuses on the Civil War years. In the early years of the war, a Union blockade brought legal trade to a standstill, and for merchants who relied on trade networks between the North and the South, the blockade was catastrophic. But with soaring demand for cotton around the globe, economic opportunities abounded. Some merchants stockpiled cotton, and some wisely avoided Confederate currency, which would turn out to be worthless after the war. But once Ulysses S. Grant’s troops declared victory after the bloody battle of Vicksburg, which opened the Mississippi River for commerce, the landscape changed, and new opportunities emerged. With New Orleans and the Mississippi River in Union hands, legal cotton trade resumed between the North and South, and merchants flocked to the interior towns that facilitated this commerce. They also established or reestablished trade networks that closely resembled those that had emerged in the antebellum years. While the resumption of trade was slowed by a plethora of factors, by the end of the Civil War, firms that had saved capital, reestablished North-South networks, or both, were on sound footing, prepared to face head on the vicissitudes of the postbellum economy.

The Problem of Failure in American History

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-264
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shared Understanding ◽  
The South ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
To Come ◽  
North And South

C. Vann Woodward’s lecture compares two commemorations of the Civil War fifty years apart, one in 1911 and the other in 1961. The first one reflected sectional reunification predicated on a shared understanding of the tragic nature of war but also a sense that the conflict had solved the problem of sectional animosity. In so doing Woodward notes that whites in the North and South could only accomplish this by excluding meaningful African-American participation. The lecture then outlines the cycles of Reconstruction historiography, and looks at the dual psychological traumas the North and South experienced in the aftermath of Reconstruction. Woodward maintains that after the North emerged victorious from the war it failed to live up to its ideals, leaving wracked guilt, self-criticism, and remorse. The South emerged with a predilection for extortion, indignation, and extreme bellicosity, consistently blaming its own weaknesses on Reconstruction. Woodward suggests that historians should act as therapists, enabling the nation to come to terms with the psychological traumas triggered by the past.

The Antebellum Era and Civil War, 1800–1865

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-98
Author(s):  
Gillis J. Harp
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
New England ◽  
State Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Antebellum Era ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Christian Nation ◽  
North And South

Several antebellum conservatives sought to dismantle the Lockean foundations of American political thinking in favor of a political vision that affirmed the divine origins of government. Evangelical conservatives such as Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen were among the first to advance the “America as a Christian nation” argument that became a favorite of conservatives in the latter part of the twentieth century. By the 1830s, New England evangelicals, such as Connecticut Congregationalist pastor Lyman Beecher, came reluctantly to accept church disestablishment at the state level as best for both Christianity and society. During the Civil War, conservatives North and South built upon the work of their antebellum forerunners and stressed the essential place and role of Christianity. Two examples of this movement in the North were the campaigns to amend the Federal Constitution with an explicit reference to Christ and the addition of “In God We Trust” to the nation’s coinage.

Atlantic Seafaring

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. M. Rodger
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic History ◽  
The North ◽  
Celestial Navigation ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
North And South ◽  
Current Systems

Without the ocean — or rather, the two oceans, the North and South Atlantic — we cannot account for many of the basic facts of Atlantic history. Only ships and seafaring made possible the construction of the Atlantic world. Two stages in the making of the Atlantic world need to be distinguished; the age of exploration, when the geography of the two oceans was yet to be determined, and the age of exploitation which followed. Besides knowledge of celestial navigation and the wind systems, there was one further key element of the Atlantic navigation system which was developed in the fifteenth century: the three-masted ship rig. Just as the wind and current systems favoured the Spaniards in the Caribbean, they favoured the Portuguese in the South Atlantic Ocean. The study of Atlantic navigation raises as many questions as it answers. It seems to account for the early success of Portugal and Spain, but also seems to make almost impossible the rise to prominence in international trade of such remote and unfavoured ports as London and Amsterdam.

Anti-Catholicism and Anti-Popery

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Atlantic History ◽  
19Th Century Literature ◽  
The North ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

It is hard to overestimate the extent to which anti-Catholicism structured the Atlantic world. As much as Catholicism itself was a transatlantic force (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Atlantic History article “Catholicism” by Allyson M. Poska), the counter-response to Catholicism had a pervasive influence, especially in the Protestant-dominated North Atlantic (see “Protestantism” by Carla Gardina Pastana). It was, as Chris Beneke and Christopher Grenda have observed, “nimble and ubiquitous” (The First Prejudice, p. 15). The past decade has witnessed significant growth in the scholarship on anti-Catholicism. The most important overall advancement is our growing understanding that anti-Catholicism was more than just a knee-jerk prejudice. It was a complex, varied, and protean phenomenon that warrants close analysis. To a great degree, the growing sophistication of the historiography on anti-Catholicism across the Atlantic basin builds on the work of historians of early modern England and Britain, who have been carefully documenting and analyzing the phenomenon since the 1970s. Because this work is relatively narrow in its geographic scope—often limited to a particular county or region, individual, group, or theme—it is not covered here; but this historiography has been hugely important in providing a foundation for the works that are represented. The bibliography covers scholarship on anti-Catholicism from the 17th through the 20th centuries with a necessary focus on the North Atlantic world. It pays special attention to the British context not only because the literature is most developed for that region but also because it was the British who were most responsible for transferring anti-Catholic ideas, identities, institutions, and policies across the ocean. That said, historical examination of anti-Catholicism in the Dutch world is growing and is thus represented here as well. Overall, the works were selected either for their influence on studies of anti-Catholicism in the Atlantic world in various times and places, or because they adopt a wide geographical lens and deal directly with the Atlantic dimensions of anti-Catholicism. Indeed, one of the trends in the historiography is a shift from early modern and nation-centric studies to transnational investigations that include the 19th and 20th centuries (scholarship on the 18th century, while growing, still lags somewhat behind the early modern and 19th-century literature.) Other trends include efforts to distinguish anti-Catholicism from its closely related corollary, anti-Popery, and to explore the relationship between them; growing calls for interdisciplinary approaches to the study of anti-Catholicism; analysis of cross-fertilization of various forms of anti-Catholicism evident in the Atlantic world; and a commitment to studying how those targeted by anti-Catholicism navigated the systemic oppression it created.

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