How Reasonable are Common-Sense Reasoning Tasks: A Case-Study on the Winograd Schema Challenge and SWAG

Abstract There are growing efforts to mine public and common-sense semantic network databases for engineering design ideation stimuli. However, there is still a lack of design ideation aids based on semantic network databases that are specialized in engineering or technology-based knowledge. In this study, we present a new methodology of using the Technology Semantic Network (TechNet) to stimulate idea generation in engineering design. The core of the methodology is to guide the inference of new technical concepts in the white space surrounding a focal design domain according to their semantic distance in the large TechNet, for potential syntheses into new design ideas. We demonstrate the effectiveness in general, and use strategies and ideation outcome implications of the methodology via a case study of flying car design idea generation.

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The liberation of nature and knowledge: a case study on Hans Reichenbach’s naturalism

Synthese ◽

10.1007/s11229-021-03224-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

László Kocsis ◽

Adam Tamas Tuboly

Keyword(s):

Common Sense ◽

Interesting Case ◽

Valuable Contribution ◽

Rhetorical Strategy ◽

Scientific Philosophy ◽

Political Program ◽

History Of ◽

Contemporary Context ◽

Common Sense Knowledge

AbstractOur main goal in this paper is to present and scrutinize Reichenbach’s own naturalism in our contemporary context, with special attention to competing versions of the concept. By exploring the idea of Reichenbach’s naturalism, we will argue that he defended a liberating, therapeutic form of naturalism, meaning that he took scientific philosophy (or philosophy of nature, Naturphilosophie) to be a possible cure for bad old habits and traditional ways of philosophy. For Reichenbach, naturalistic scientific philosophy was a well-established form of liberation. We do not intend to suggest that Reichenbach acted as an inventor of naturalism; nonetheless, invoking the term and the idea of ‘naturalism’ is more than a simple rhetorical strategy for rehabilitating Reichenbach as a forerunner of this field. We think that his ideas can make a valuable contribution to contemporary debates, and that he presents an interesting case among the other scientifically oriented proponents of his time. After presenting a short reconstruction of the meaning of naturalism—or, more appropriately, naturalisms—in order to be able to correctly situate Reichenbach within his own as well as a systematic context, we discuss Reichenbach’s naturalism against the background of his scientific philosophy, his views on the relation of common-sense knowledge to science, and his efforts at popularization. To delve deeper into this topic, we present a case study to show how Reichenbach argued that in both scientific and philosophical discussions (assuming their naturalistic continuity), it is necessary to move from the request and value of truth to probability. And, finally, we argue that the liberation of knowledge and nature was a socio-political program for Reichenbach, who talked about his own scientific philosophy as “a crusade.” By emphasizing this aspect of Reichenbach’s naturalism, we may be in a better position to situate him in the history of analytic philosophy in general, and in the yet-to-be-written narrative of the naturalistic movement in particular.

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Common Sense Reasoning in Diagnostic Systems

Efficient Decision Support Systems - Practice and Challenges From Current to Future ◽

10.5772/17176 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander P. ◽

Vadim N.

Keyword(s):

Common Sense ◽

Diagnostic Systems ◽

Common Sense Reasoning

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Is Science Eliminating Ordinary Talk?

Forum Philosophicum ◽

10.35765/forphil.1999.0401.2 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 25-41

Author(s):

Louis Caruana

Keyword(s):

Philosophy Of Science ◽

Common Sense ◽

Natural Science ◽

Philosophy Of Mind ◽

Science Philosophy ◽

Actual Operation ◽

Theories Of Meaning ◽

Methodology Of Science ◽

Broad Overview

Discussions dealing with natural science, philosophy and common sense are bound to draw on long-standing debates dealing with realism, methodology of science, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology, theories of meaning, and other topics. Instead of presenting a broad overview of these main trends, which will necessarily be superficial, I will do a kind of case study. The aim is to present just one particular debate which is of relevance to current research. The presentation is meant to give a taste of how these various long-standing debates are brought to bear on a specific issue. In this way, the very practice of engaging in a particular area of philosophy of science will serve as a platform from where the major areas can be seen in actual operation. The paper has four sections: the nature of ordinary talk; the ontological implications of this; the recently proposed account of the mental; an evaluation.

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A Natural Logic System for Large Knowledge Bases

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications - Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXXII ◽

10.3233/faia200824 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Troels Andreasen ◽

Henrik Bulskov ◽

Jørgen Fischer Nilsson

Keyword(s):

Common Sense ◽

Scaling Up ◽

Inference Engine ◽

Knowledge Bases ◽

General Purpose ◽

Software System ◽

Database Application ◽

Natural Logic ◽

Common Sense Reasoning ◽

Database Operations

This paper describes principles and structure for a software system that implements a dialect of natural logic for knowledge bases. Natural logics are formal logics that resemble stylized natural language fragments, and whose reasoning rules reflect common-sense reasoning. Natural logics may be seen as forms of extended syllogistic logic. The paper proposes and describes realization of deductive querying functionalities using a previously specified natural logic dialect called Natura-Log. In focus here is the engineering of an inference engine employing as a key feature relational database operations. Thereby the inference steps are subjected to computation in bulk for scaling-up to large knowledge bases. Accordingly, the system eventually is to be realized as a general-purpose database application package with the database being turned logical knowledge base.

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Common-sense reasoning, theories of

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ◽

10.4324/9780415249126-w034-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

John Horty

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Common Sense ◽

Scientific Reasoning ◽

Logical Framework ◽

Applied Logic ◽

Common Sense Reasoning ◽

New Information ◽

Logical Study ◽

Reasoning Agent

The task of formalizing common-sense reasoning within a logical framework can be viewed as an extension of the programme of formalizing mathematical and scientific reasoning that has occupied philosophers throughout much of the twentieth century. The most significant progress in applying logical techniques to the study of common-sense reasoning has been made, however, not by philosophers, but by researchers in artificial intelligence, and the logical study of common-sense reasoning is now a recognized sub-field of that discipline. The work involved in this area is similar to what one finds in philosophical logic, but it tends to be more detailed, since the ultimate goal is to encode the information that would actually be needed to drive a reasoning agent. Still, the formal study of common-sense reasoning is not just a matter of applied logic, but has led to theoretical advances within logic itself. The most important of these is the development of a new field of ‘non-monotonic’ logic, in which the conclusions supported by a set of premises might have to be withdrawn as the premise set is supplemented with new information.

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