Wytyczne do modelowania emisji GHG w cyklu życia komponentów paliw z pirolizy biomasy

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 561-567
Author(s):  
Delfina Rogowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Ghg Emission

The goals of the European Union set out in Directive 2018/2001 for 2030, including in particular the transport target of 3.5% share of the energy produced from feedstocks listed in Annex IX to the directive, indicate the need to search for new technologies for processing these feedstocks. The latter include waste and residual materials, including those from agriculture and forestry, cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials. These are feedstocks that are difficult or impossible to process using currently operating technologies. For this reason, it is necessary to implement new technologies allowing the use of feedstocks listed in Annex IX. These technologies should allow the production of high-quality engine fuel components and at the same time meet the sustainability criteria defined in Directive 2018/2001. The conducted literature review indicated that biomass pyrolysis combined with the hydrograding process may be such a technology. The article also provides a short literature review concerning the determination of GHG emission intensity for products from solid biomass pyrolysis. The review showed that this is a promising process, however, depending on the raw materials and energy carriers used, meeting the GHG emission reduction criterion may be difficult, especially if biomass from crops is used as the raw material. This article provides guidelines for the development of a model for calculating GHG emissions in the life cycle of a biocomponent from biomass pyrolysis. The entire life cycle of the biocomponent has been divided into sub-processes. Each of them has been briefly characterized. For each of them, the system boundaries, functional unit, input and output streams are defined. The sources of GHG emissions and the product to which these emissions can be allocated were also indicated. The stages identified in this biofuel production pathway have been assigned to the GHG emission components given in the formula in Directive 2018/2001.

scholarly journals Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Rafał M. Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Production Technologies

The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030

An integrated two-stage anaerobic digestion and biofuel production process to reduce life cycle GHG emissions from US dairies

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik R. Coats ◽  
Erin Searcy ◽  
Kevin Feris ◽  
Dev Shrestha ◽  
Armando G. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Two Stage

scholarly journals Life-Cycle Energy and GHG Emissions of Forest Biomass Harvest and Transport for Biofuel Production in Michigan

Energies ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3258-3271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengli Zhang ◽  
Dana Johnson ◽  
Jinjiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Biomass Harvest

scholarly journals Energy Savings by Optimization of Thrusters Allocation during Complex Ship Manoeuvres

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4959
Author(s):  
Jarosław Artyszuk ◽  
Paweł Zalewski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Joystick Control

The International Maritime Organization adopted a strategy to reduce the total annual GHG emissions from international shipping by at least 50% by 2050, compared to 2008 levels. The European Union proposed an even farther reaching transformation: the European Commission adopted a set of proposals to make the EU’s transport policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. Therefore, all industrial actions in line and consistent with these strategies are essential. One of such activities may be a gradual transition from the most common independent controls of transport ships’ thrusters, propellers, and rudders to an integrated, power optimized, 3 degrees of freedom joystick control. In this paper, the full mission bridge simulator (FMBS) research on potential energy savings and, consequently, a GHG emission reduction, while steering a RoPax twin-screw ferry equipped with bow thrusters by a joystick control, is presented. The task of navigators engaged in the research was to steer the vessel either via classic engine, rudder, and thruster levers or via a joystick while (1) following the predefined straight track, (2) rotating at the turning area, and (3), finally, crabbing (moving sideways) until stopping at the quay fenders. The conclusions are that energy savings of approximately 10% can be expected for berthing manoeuvres controlled by a joystick, compared to independent actuators’ controls. These conclusions have been drawn from a statistical analysis of the ship’s energy consumption during typical manoeuvring phases of 18 berthing operations performed in FMBS.

scholarly journals European union emissions trading system with regard to climate change mitigation in Latvia

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (-1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilze Pruse
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Change Mitigation ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The goal of this paper is to analyse the volumes of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the European Union Emissions Trading System’s (EU ETS) participants in Latvia in relation to their participation therein. After describing and discussing the EU ETS mechanism and its operation in Latvia in the period 2005-2010, the interconnectedness between the GHG emissions and the EU ETS participants’ operation is analysed. The analysis concludes that, although the EU ETS has contributed towards GHG emission reduction, due to the growth of the economy, overall GHG emissions from the EU ETS participants in Latvia are increasing.

scholarly journals Environmental Performance Measures to Assess Building Refurbishment from a Life Cycle Perspective

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Nydahl ◽  
Staffan Andersson ◽  
Anders Åstrand ◽  
Thomas Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Building Refurbishment ◽  
Operational Energy

Energy efficiency investments in existing buildings are an effective way of reducing the environmental impact of the building stock. Even though policies in the European Union and elsewhere promote a unilateral focus on operational energy reduction, scientific studies highlight the importance of applying a life cycle perspective to energy refurbishment. However, life cycle assessment is often perceived as being complicated and the results difficult to interpret by the construction sector. There is also a lack of guidelines regarding the sustainable ratio between the embodied and accumulated operational impact. The scope of this study is to introduce a life cycle assessment method for building refurbishment that utilizes familiar economic performance tools, namely return on investment and annual yield. The aim is to use the introduced method to analyze a case building with a sustainability profile. The building was refurbished in order to reduce its operational energy use. The introduced method is compatible with a theory of minimum sustainable environmental performance that may be developed through backcasting from defined energy and GHG emissions objectives. The proposed approach will hopefully allow development of sustainable refurbishment objectives that can support the choice of refurbishment investments.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial Delivery Trucks: Diesel, Plug-In Electric, and Battery-Swap Electric

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Caixia Hao ◽  
Yina Chai
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Diesel Trucks

The development of electric delivery trucks has attracted much attention in recent years. The purpose of this study is to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the total cost of ownership (TCO) of light-duty and medium-duty diesel trucks (DTs), plug-in electric trucks (ETs), and battery-swap ETs. A simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) method and a TCO assessment method are used. Numerical results show that the average GHG emission of light-duty ETs is 69% lower than that of light-duty DTs, while that of medium-duty ETs is 9.8% higher than that of medium-duty DTs. As regards TCO, those of plug-in ETs and battery-swap ETs are 37.8% lower and 21% higher than that of light-duty DTs, while for medium-duty trucks, the TCO of plug-in and battery-swap ETs are 6.7% lower and 18.9% higher than that of medium-duty DTs. The main conclusion of this paper is that light-duty plug-in ETs exhibit the best performance in terms of cost saving and GHG emission reduction. Moreover, ETs show more advantages than DTs when the frequency of use is higher or when the driving environment is more congested.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Biomass Power Generation Systems in China Using Hybrid Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huacai Liu ◽  
Xiuli Yin ◽  
Chuangzhi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Power Generation Systems

There has been a rapid growth in using agricultural residues as an energy source to generate electricity in China. Biomass power generation (BPG) systems may vary significantly in technology, scale, and feedstock and consequently in their performances. A comparative evaluation of five typical BPG systems has been conducted in this study through a hybrid life cycle inventory (LCI) approach. Results show that requirements of fossil energy savings, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, as well as emission reductions of SO2and NOx, can be best met by the BPG systems. The cofiring systems were found to behave better than the biomass-only fired system and the biomass gasification systems in terms of energy savings and GHG emission reductions. Comparing with results of conventional process-base LCI, an important aspect to note is the significant contribution of infrastructure, equipment, and maintenance of the plant, which require the input of various types of materials, fuels, services, and the consequent GHG emissions. The results demonstrate characteristics and differences of BPG systems and help identify critical opportunities for biomass power development in China.

scholarly journals Review and expert survey of allocation methods used in life cycle assessment of milk and beef

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venla Kyttä ◽  
Marja Roitto ◽  
Aleksi Astaptsev ◽  
Merja Saarinen ◽  
Hanna L. Tuomisto
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Economic Allocation ◽  
Allocation Method ◽  
Lca Practitioners ◽  
By Products ◽  
Allocation Methods

Abstract Purpose Beef and dairy production systems produce several by-products, such as fertilizers, bioenergy, hides, and pet foods, among which the environmental impacts arising from production should be allocated. The choice of allocation method therefore inevitably affects the results of life cycle assessment (LCA) for milk and beef. The aims of this study were to map out the different allocation methods used in dairy and beef LCA studies and to clarify the rationale for selecting a certain method. Methods A literature review was conducted to identify the different allocation methods used in LCA studies of milk and beef production and the products using beef by-products as a raw material. The justifications for the use of different methods in the studies were also collected. To map out the perspectives of LCA practitioners and further clarify the reasoning behind the use of certain allocation methods, a mixed method survey with quantitative questions and qualitative explanatory fields was sent to the authors included in the literature review. Results and discussion The literature review showed that the most commonly used allocation method between milk and meat was biophysical allocation, which is also the recommended method in LCA guidelines of milk production. Economic allocation was the second most common method, although the rationale for using economic allocation was weak. By-products, such as inedible body parts, were not considered in milk studies and were taken into account in only a small number of beef studies. This might be because most of the studies have cradle-to-farm gate system boundaries. According to the survey, a significantly higher share of LCA practitioners would allocate impacts also to these by-products. Conclusions The allocation is usually done between milk and meat, and other by-products are not taken into account. Since these materials are an unavoidable part of production and there are numerous uses for them, these outputs should be recognized as products and also taken into consideration in LCA studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Distribution of Shrimp Species Found in Southern Benin Through the Lake Nokoué-ocean Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sèlomè Wilfried Sintondji ◽  
Amoussou Sylvain Gozingan ◽  
Zacharie Sohou ◽  
Matthieu Taymans ◽  
Katrijn Baetens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Entire Life Cycle ◽  
Favorable Environment ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Southern Benin

Abstract BackgroundThe export of shrimp to the European Union was one of the mainstays of the Beninese economy. It is an income-generating activity for the populations living along lake Nokoué. The lack of a fisheries management strategy has caused a drastic decline in shrimp production in lake Nokoué since 2003. To remedy this problem, it is necessary to hypothesize on their spatio-temporal dynamics in the lake Nokoué-Cotonou channel complex. This is investigated by combining a literature review on their life cycles and habitat suitability with spatio-temporal evolution of salinity obtained from in-situ observations.ResultsThe literature review recognizes the presence in southern Benin of species of the genus Macrobrachium, Atya and Desmocaris (seven, two and one respectively) and five species of marine shrimps belonging to three genera: the genus Penaeus, the genus Holthuispenaeopsis and the genus Parapenaeus. From information on the ecology and physical environment it is shown that adults of the species of the genus Macrobrachium and genus Atya have a favorable environment in lake Nokoué from August to November, their larvae must remain in the lake from December to June to ensure their survival. The species of the genus Desmocaris, which carry out their entire life cycle in fresh water, can stay in lake Nokoué from August to November. The species of the genus Penaeus can find a favorable environment in lake Nokoué from December to June but their larvae can only survive in the sea. Finally, the species of the genus Holthuispenaeopsis and Parapenaeus spend their entire life cycle at sea.ConclusionsThis work allows understanding contrasted life cycles of shrimp’s genera Macrobrachium and Atya compared to Penaeus in a complex ecosystem characterized by strong saline variation. This research allows to predict the presence or absence of shrimp’s genera Macrobrachium, Atya, Desmocaris and Penaeus in a lake system, on the basis of salinity distribution, for a sustainable management of their exploitation.

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