scholarly journals Student Evaluations of Instructor Email Response Speed as Chronemic Expectancy Violations

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Nicholas Tatum
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Student Evaluations ◽  
Instructional Communication ◽  
Expectancy Violations ◽  
Email Communication ◽  
Expectancy Violations Theory ◽  
Relational Closeness ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Instructor Credibility

Instructional communication researchers have begun exploring the effects of instructor email response speed on student evaluations of their instructor. To date, researchers have concluded that faster response times result in more favorable evaluations. To extend this line of research, this experiment explores student evaluations of instructor response speed through the lens of expectancy violations theory, arguing that eliciting positive evaluations is not just about responding quickly, but rather, responding more quickly than students expect. Results indicated that positive violations of instructor email response speed are evaluated more favorably than negative chronemic violations in terms of instructor credibility and relational closeness. These findings contribute practical implications for instructors inundated with email exchanges with students and offer theoretical nuance to the study of chronemics in instructor-student email communication.

Digital visibility and the role of mutual interaction expectations: Reframing the journalist–audience relationship through the lens of interpersonal communication

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482090702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Wilhelm ◽  
Helena Stehle ◽  
Hanne Detel
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Mutual Interaction ◽  
Expectancy Violations ◽  
Expectancy Violations Theory ◽  
Media Environments

In the light of a new level of reciprocal visibility in the digital age, the journalist–audience relationship has fundamentally changed. Mutual expectations become visible or evolve anew. The question arises as to how these expectations and their (non-)fulfillment influence the journalist–audience relationship. Taking an interpersonal communication perspective by following expectancy violations theory, we focus on the level of interactions and propose a theoretical framework explaining how the interplay of journalists’ and audience’s mutual expectations affects their relationship. Our aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the journalist–audience relationship in digital media environments—and to provide indications for its functioning or failure.

Alignment, Scaling, and Size Effects in Discrimination of Graphical Elements

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1393-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Percent Difference ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Graphical Perception

Recent work in graphical perception has attempted to identify the mental operations used by an observer when extracting information from a graphical display (e.g., Hollands and Spence, in press; Simkin and Hastie, 1987). The current research varied the alignment, scaling, and size of proportions shown in pie charts and divided bar graphs. Subjects were required to discriminate between two proportions (i.e., which proportion is larger?), each shown relative to its own whole. Response times and errors were measured. Results from Experiment 1 show that for both pies and divided bars, the time penalty for discriminating unaligned proportions was dependent on the size difference between the two proportions, with a greater penalty with a smaller percent difference. Results from Experiment 2 show that different scaling slowed subjects considerably, especially when the size difference was small, and especially with divided bars. The results are interpreted in terms of hypothesized alignment, scaling, and discrimination operations. The practical implications for graphical design are also discussed.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Blame the Bot: Anthropomorphism and Anger in Customer-Chatbot Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224292110456
Author(s):  
Cammy Crolic ◽  
Felipe Thomaz ◽  
Rhonda Hadi ◽  
Andrew T. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Expectancy Violations ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
International Telecommunications ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Practical Implications

Chatbots have become common in digital customer service contexts across many industries. While many companies choose to humanize their customer service chatbots (e.g., giving them names and avatars), little is known about how anthropomorphism influences customer responses to chatbots in service settings. Across five studies, including an analysis of a large real-world dataset from an international telecommunications company and four experiments, the authors find that when customers enter a chatbot-led service interaction in an angry emotional state, chatbot anthropomorphism has a negative effect on customer satisfaction, overall firm evaluation, and subsequent purchase intentions. However, this is not the case for customers in non-angry emotional states. The authors uncover the underlying mechanism driving this negative effect (expectancy violations caused by inflated pre-encounter expectations of chatbot efficacy) and offer practical implications for managers. These findings suggest it is important to both carefully design chatbots and consider the emotional context in which they are used, particularly in customer service interactions that involve resolving problems or handling complaints.

scholarly journals Electrochromic Properties of Sputtered Iridium Oxide Thin Films with Various Film Thicknesses

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio Abe ◽  
Satoshi Ito ◽  
Kyung Ho Kim ◽  
Midori Kawamura ◽  
Takayuki Kiba
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Iridium Oxide ◽  
Oxide Thin Films ◽  
Electrochromic Material ◽  
Transmittance Change ◽  
Almost All

Iridium oxide is an anodic electrochromic material, which takes on a blue-black color through electrochemical oxidation and turns to transparent via reduction. Hydrated amorphous Ir oxide thin films with various thicknesses from 20 to 400 nm were prepared by reactive sputtering in a H2O atmosphere, and their transmittance spectra in both the bleached and colored states as well as their response times were examined in this study. The bleached and colored transmittances decreased with increasing film thickness according to Lambert’s law, and the absorption coefficients in the bleached and colored states were estimated to be 3.2 ´ 103 and 1.1 ´ 105 cm-1, respectively, at a wavelength of 600 nm. The results point to almost all the Ir atoms being electrochemically active and contributing to the color change. A maximum transmittance change of 81% was obtained for the 400 nm-thick film. Further, there was a trade-off between the response speed and the transmittance change. The response speed slowed down with increasing the film thickness, while the coloring and bleaching response time for the thick films was several tens of seconds.

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