Countering Biased Judgments of Individuals Who Display Autism-Characteristic Behavior in Forensic Settings

According to expectancy violations theory, displays of behavior considered “unusual” during an interaction will trigger scrutiny of an individual. Such scrutiny may be detrimental in forensic contexts, where deception detection is emphasized. Autistic individuals, in particular, may be scrutinized unfavorably given unusual nonverbal behavior associated with the condition. Across two experiments using between-subjects’ designs, participants (overall N = 3,342) watched a scripted police-suspect interrogation, randomized to view the suspect display autism-related behaviors or none of those behaviors. Autistic behavior biased evaluations of deception and guilt as a function of violating individual behavioral expectations, regardless of whether decisive or ambiguous evidence framed the suspect as guilty or innocent. Promisingly, however, providing an autism information card attenuated such evaluations. Our research extends expectancy violations theory, advances understanding of determinants of forensic judgments, highlights important applied implications for nonverbal behavior displays in the justice system and recommends methods to protect against bias.

Virtue Rhetoric in Investor Communications: Setting Up for a Letdown?

Many companies prominently espouse their virtuous character in communications with investors, with a view toward influencing investor perceptions about the firm’s standards of behavior. While there are benefits to investors perceiving an organization to be virtuous, what happens if the firm violates those standards by engaging in unethical behavior? In this study, we use expectancy violations theory to argue that virtue rhetoric sets investors up for disappointment. When an organization claims to be virtuous but then acts unethically, investors respond to the ethics violation more negatively than they would otherwise. We also theorize about scenarios where investors may overlook unethical behavior or intensify their disapproval of it. To test our ideas, we assemble a unique sample of unethical events committed by S&P 500 companies over a 12-year period, combined with analysis of the virtue rhetoric found in their annual letters to shareholders. Our main finding is that investor reaction to unethical behavior is more negative for companies that claimed to be virtuous prior to the violation than for those that did not make such claims. This relationship is less strong when the company has high expected future value.

Faktor – Faktor Pertengkaran antara Suami dan Istri di dalam Rumah Tangga Serta Pemicunya

The aims of this study is to know (1) the quarrel factors between husband and wife in a household and (2) the caused of its quarrel. Data used for this research are primary and secondary data. Primary data or main datais taken from the informants itself, and secondary data or additional data are collected from another sources such as books, journals, websites, and other valid source to support this study completion. Total informants are twenty, consist of ten wives, and ten husbands, while some of those twenty were already widow and widower. All primary datas were collected by interviewed and secondary datas were supported by books, journals, and websites. Researcher used two theories namely Expectancy Violations Theory and Behaviorism Theory. At the beginning of this interviewed with the informants, researcher has already gavetwelve indicatorsso it couldmake the easier to choose their choices based on their real situations and then explain it. Study showed that (1) the quarrel factors between husband and wife from the husband point of viewed were : housedhold tasks and bad habbits (42%), phone/social media and economy (33%), and in-laws/other family (25%). From the wife side were : disloyalty (42%), economy and in-laws/other family (33%), household tasks, bad habits and commitment (25%).

Student Evaluations of Instructor Email Response Speed as Chronemic Expectancy Violations

Instructional communication researchers have begun exploring the effects of instructor email response speed on student evaluations of their instructor. To date, researchers have concluded that faster response times result in more favorable evaluations. To extend this line of research, this experiment explores student evaluations of instructor response speed through the lens of expectancy violations theory, arguing that eliciting positive evaluations is not just about responding quickly, but rather, responding more quickly than students expect. Results indicated that positive violations of instructor email response speed are evaluated more favorably than negative chronemic violations in terms of instructor credibility and relational closeness. These findings contribute practical implications for instructors inundated with email exchanges with students and offer theoretical nuance to the study of chronemics in instructor-student email communication.

Digital visibility and the role of mutual interaction expectations: Reframing the journalist–audience relationship through the lens of interpersonal communication

In the light of a new level of reciprocal visibility in the digital age, the journalist–audience relationship has fundamentally changed. Mutual expectations become visible or evolve anew. The question arises as to how these expectations and their (non-)fulfillment influence the journalist–audience relationship. Taking an interpersonal communication perspective by following expectancy violations theory, we focus on the level of interactions and propose a theoretical framework explaining how the interplay of journalists’ and audience’s mutual expectations affects their relationship. Our aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the journalist–audience relationship in digital media environments—and to provide indications for its functioning or failure.

Put down your smartphone – unless you integrate it into the conversation! An experimental investigation of using smartphones during face to face communication

In times of permanent connectedness, smartphones are used in almost any situation, even during face to face (f2f) communications. Observational studies have shown that smartphone users can either phub their interaction partners or integrate the device into the ongoing co-present conversation. However, research in this field did not sufficiently distinguish between these types of use. Referring to the expectancy violations theory, this experiment (N = 402) investigated the effects of smartphone use more differentiated by manipulating the type of use on four levels (proactive, reactive, integrative, no use). Results indicated that interrupting a conversation proactively and reactively decreased the perceived attentiveness and politeness of the interaction partner as well as the conversational quality. In contrast, an integrative type of use did neither harm nor improve conversation outcomes and seemed to be in line with communicative expectations. Contrary to expectations, individuals’ own phubbing behavior did not influence how they evaluated the smartphone use of their interaction partner.