Investigating the Self-Protective Potential of Immobility in Victims of Rape

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke A. de Heer ◽  
Lynn C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Severe Attack ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Resistance Strategies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Victim Resistance

Using a nationwide sample of reported rape cases collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI; 389 victims; 89% stranger rapes), this study investigates assumptions about self-protective behaviors for rape victims. Past research on victim resistance strategies often specifies active resistance as self-protective, inadvertently underestimating the potential for biologically based reactions, such as tonic immobility, to be self-protective as well. Results confirm that rape victims who were verbally and physically immobile during the attack were less likely to be injured and have force used against them. In addition, victims who were verbally immobile suffered a less severe attack. The results indicate that immobility may protect the victim from increased injury, force, and severity of the attack. Implications for the legal and public definition of consent are discussed.

Calling it Rape: Differences in Experiences of Women Who do or do not Label their Sexual Assault as Rape

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold S. Kahn ◽  
Jennifer Jackson ◽  
Christine Kully ◽  
Kelly Badger ◽  
Jessica Halvorsen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Research Finding ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Experiences Of Women

Past research had found that one-half or more of all women who have had an experience that might meet the definition of rape do not label themselves rape victims. The present study examined the actual rape experiences of 33 women who labeled their assault experience as rape and 56 women who did not label their assault experience as rape through questionnaires and open-ended descriptions of what happened during their assault. Quantitative findings replicated past research, finding that acknowledged victims, compared to unacknowledged victims, were older, knew their assailant less well, experienced more forceful assaults, and had stronger negative emotional reactions to the experience. Qualitative analysis revealed that women were mostly likely to acknowledge their experience as rape when the assailant was not their boyfriend and they woke up with a man penetrating them or the assailant used force and dominated them to obtain intercourse. Women assaulted as children also acknowledged their experience as rape. However, when the assault involved a boyfriend, or if the woman was severely impaired by alcohol or drugs, or if the act involved oral or digital sex, the women were unlikely to label their situations as constituting rape.

scholarly journals Income inequality and mass shootings in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Kwon ◽  
Joseph F. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Socioeconomic Data

Abstract Background Mass shootings are an increasingly common phenomenon in the United States. However, there is little research on whether the recent growth of income inequality is associated with this rise of mass shootings. We thus build on our prior research to explore the connection between income inequality and mass shootings across counties in the United States. Methods We assemble a panel dataset of 3144 counties during the years 1990 to 2015. Socioeconomic data are extracted from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mass shootings data are from three databases that compile its information from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and media sources, respectively. These data are analyzed using random effects negative binomial regressions, while controlling for seven additional predictors of crime. Results Counties experiencing a one standard deviation growth of income inequality witnessed 0.43 more mass shootings when using the definition of three or more victim injuries (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 1.66; P < .001) and 0.57 more mass shootings when using the designation of four or more victim deaths (IRR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.26, 1.96; P < .001). Conclusions Counties with growing levels of income inequality are more likely to experience mass shootings. We assert that one possibility for this finding is that income inequality fosters an environment of anger and resentment that ultimately leads to violence.

scholarly journals Operationalizing the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations: A Standardized Scoring System (P13-034-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa Shams-White ◽  
Alice Bender ◽  
Nigel Brockton ◽  
Susannah Brown ◽  
Lisa Kahle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Objectives To develop a standardized AICR/WCRF Score that measures adherence to the 2018 WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations and provide guidance for its application in research. Methods Each of the updated 2018 WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations and the associated goals and statements of advice were examined to inform the definition of a new Score. For each of the weight, physical activity, diet, and breastfeeding-specific recommendations, components and subcomponents were created. Standards for scoring each component were established based on quantitative guidance specified in the recommendations; however, if no specificity was provided, other guidelines (e.g., national guidelines), past research that operationalized 2007 WCRF/AICR recommendations, and expert panel advice were evaluated. Results The proposed AICR/WCRF Score includes eight of the ten WCRF/AICR 2018 recommendations: 1) Be a healthy weight, 2) Be physically active, 3) Eat a diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and beans, 4) Limit consumption of fast foods and other processed foods high in fat, starches, or sugars, 5) Limit consumption of red and processed meats, 6) Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, 7) Limit alcohol consumption, and, optionally, 8) For mothers: breastfeed your baby, if you can. Each of the components are worth one point: 1, 0.5, and 0 points for fully, partially, and not meeting the recommendations, respectively (total Score: 0–7 or 8 points). Two recommendations were not included in the Score due to uncertain intent of supplement use (Do not use supplements for cancer prevention) and the redundancy of the dependent components in the final recommendation (After a cancer diagnosis: follow our Recommendations, if you can). Additional guidance will stress the importance of taking into account other risk factors, such as smoking, in relevant models using the new Score. Conclusions The AICR/WCRF Score is a practical tool operationalizing the 2018 recommendations. Future studies are needed to further examine how adherence to the Score relates to cancer risk and mortality in various populations. Funding Sources None.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation

1951 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Jay Murphy ◽  
Max Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation

Misogynistic Tweets Correlate With Violence Against Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-325
Author(s):  
Khandis R. Blake ◽  
Siobhan M. O’Dean ◽  
James Lian ◽  
Thomas F. Denson
Keyword(s):  
Family Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multilevel Data ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
American States ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Online Misogyny

How online social behavior covaries with real-world outcomes remains poorly understood. We examined the relationship between the frequency of misogynistic attitudes expressed on Twitter and incidents of domestic and family violence that were reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. We tracked misogynistic tweets in more than 400 areas across 47 American states from 2013 to 2014. Correlation and regression analyses found that misogynistic tweets were related to domestic- and family-violence incidents in those areas. A cross-lagged model showed that misogynistic tweets positively predicted domestic and family violence 1 year later; however, this effect was small. Results were robust to several known predictors of domestic violence. Our findings identify geolocated online misogyny as co-occurring with domestic and family violence. Because the longitudinal relationship between misogynistic tweets and domestic and family violence was small and conducted at the societal level, more research with multilevel data might be useful in the prediction of future violence.

The Facets of Cultural Competence

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 842-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Suzuki ◽  
Mary B. McRae ◽  
Ellen L. Short
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cultural Competence ◽  
Counseling Psychology ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Current Clinical Practice ◽  
Multidimensional Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
Definition Of

Sue’s proposed model is based on a critique of the Eurocentric assumptions underlying current clinical practice and reflects his innovative thinking and unique synthesis of past research. The specific areas addressed in this article focus on an examination of the multidimensional model of cultural competence (MDCC) and issues related to the definition of competence and its measurement. Areas of needed elaboration in the model include complexities related to power hierarchies (i.e., authority, authorization, and leadership) and implications for training and practice. Particular emphasis is placed on the complexities of cultural competence and the important contributions of Sue’s MDCC as an important step in making cultural competence a reality in the practice of counseling psychology.

scholarly journals Global and Comparative Leadership

Management ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Von Glinow ◽  
William D. Schneper
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Global Leadership ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of

The body of research related to global leadership is both vast and confounding. Some observers trace the field’s domain back thousands of years to the first rulers and military commanders with worldwide aspirations or to religious and spiritual figures such as Abraham, Laozi, Gautama Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad. Within the business context, the literature is considerably younger but still includes some of the earliest international management classics, such as Perlmutter 1969 (cited under Global Mindset) and Levitt 1983 (cited under Globalization). Despite the accomplishments of past research, critics contend that our understanding of global leadership has progressed too slowly. Joyce Osland, in Osland 2008 (cited under Developing Global Leaders and Ensuring Effectiveness), compares the state of the field to the earliest phases of domestic leadership scholarship. Indeed, the bulk of the literature remains conceptual, normative, and prescriptive. There is a scarcity of rigorous ethnographic work, and quantitative studies often focus more on measuring and comparing rather than developing and testing complex theory. Even the definition of global leadership is uncertain. This is partially due to the breadth and diversity of leadership research in general. As Ralph Stogdill noted as far back as 1974, “there are almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept” (Handbook of Leadership, New York: Free Press, p. 259). Hollenbeck 2009 (cited under Traditional Leadership Theories) finds global leadership to be “even more mysterious, with something about the term that beckons interested writers and researchers to offer their own definitions. There is a temptation to dance on the head of a definitional pin” (p. 5). In other words, the definition of global leadership depends on one’s personal inclinations and theoretical starting point. Global leadership means something different to managers and policymakers, as it does for scholars in organizational behavior, strategy, or psychology. To encompass such diverse perspectives, we define global leadership broadly as the capacity to bring about change and enhance organizational performance across national borders. This capacity in turn requires the skills and acumen to influence and energize employees, business partners, and other organizational stakeholders. Closely related and overlapping with the study of global leadership, the cross-country or comparative leadership field explores the similarities and differences in leadership traits and practices across countries, which helps explain the aspects of leadership that are generally universal across countries, or largely dependent upon the unique institutional and country context.

Booting a Tramp: Charlie Chaplin, the FBI, and the Construction of the Subversive Image in Red Scare America

2003 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN SBARDELLATI ◽  
TONY SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Red Scare ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
American Legion ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Cultural Icon ◽  
Charlie Chaplin

This article examines the battle over popular culture in the age of McCarthyism. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, under J. Edgar Hoover, targeted Charlie Chaplin because of his status as a cultural icon and as part of its broader investigation of Hollywood. Some of Chaplin's films were considered ““communist propaganda,”” but because Chaplin was not a member of the Communist Party, he was not among those investigated by HUAC in 1947. Nevertheless, he was vulnerable to protests by the American Legion and other patriotic groups because of both his sexual and political unorthodoxy. Yet, although countersubversives succeeded in driving Chaplin out of the country, they failed to build a consensus that Chaplin was a threat to the nation. Chaplin's story testifies to both the awesome power of the countersubversive campaign at mid-century and to some of its limitations as well.

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