scholarly journals Income inequality and mass shootings in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Kwon ◽  
Joseph F. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Socioeconomic Data

Abstract Background Mass shootings are an increasingly common phenomenon in the United States. However, there is little research on whether the recent growth of income inequality is associated with this rise of mass shootings. We thus build on our prior research to explore the connection between income inequality and mass shootings across counties in the United States. Methods We assemble a panel dataset of 3144 counties during the years 1990 to 2015. Socioeconomic data are extracted from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Mass shootings data are from three databases that compile its information from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and media sources, respectively. These data are analyzed using random effects negative binomial regressions, while controlling for seven additional predictors of crime. Results Counties experiencing a one standard deviation growth of income inequality witnessed 0.43 more mass shootings when using the definition of three or more victim injuries (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 1.66; P < .001) and 0.57 more mass shootings when using the designation of four or more victim deaths (IRR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.26, 1.96; P < .001). Conclusions Counties with growing levels of income inequality are more likely to experience mass shootings. We assert that one possibility for this finding is that income inequality fosters an environment of anger and resentment that ultimately leads to violence.

Are the Deadliest Mass Shootings Preventable? An Assessment of Leakage, Information Reported to Law Enforcement, and Firearms Acquisition Prior to Attacks in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lankford ◽  
Krista Grace Adkins ◽  
Eric Madfis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Active Shooters ◽  
Mass Shooting

This study examined the 15 deadliest public mass shootings in the United States from March 1998 to February 2018 to assess (a) leakage of violent thoughts/intent, (b) leakage of specific interest in mass killing, (c) concerning behaviors reported to law enforcement, (d) concerning interest in homicide reported to law enforcement, and (e) firearms acquisition. We then compared our findings on the deadliest public mass shooters with the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) findings on active shooters in general. Overall, the results suggest that most incidents were indeed preventable based on information known about offenders in advance, and that the deadliest mass shooters exhibited more warning signs and were more often reported to law enforcement than other active shooters. Future prevention efforts should aim to educate, encourage, and pressure the public to report warning signs to law enforcement, educate and train law enforcement so that they can more effectively investigate potential threats, and limit firearms access for people who have admitted having homicidal or suicidal thoughts or being interested in committing a mass shooting. These relatively straightforward steps could significantly reduce the prevalence of future attacks.

scholarly journals More anthrax letters and cases in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Harling
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Postal Service ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Anthrax Spores

A fourth letter containing anthrax spores was discovered on 16 November in the United States (US) by investigators from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the US Postal Service (1). They had been sifting through unopened US government mail that was quarantined after a previous anthrax laced letter was discovered on 15 October in the office of Senator Tom Daschle. In order to preserve forensic evidence, the letter has not yet been opened, but preliminary field tests have been positive for B. anthracis, and the envelope is believed to contain billions of spores.

Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks and the Documentation of Soviet Intelligence Activities in the United States during the Stalin Era

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Earl Haynes ◽  
Harvey Klehr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
State Security ◽  
Stalin Era ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Court Proceedings ◽  
Congressional Investigations

Alexander Vassiliev's notebooks with 1,115 pages of handwritten transcriptions, excerpts, and summaries from Soviet Committee on State Security (KGB) archival files provide the most detailed documentation available of Soviet espionage in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. This article discusses the provenance of the notebooks and how they fit with previously available Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files, KGB cables decrypted by the Venona project, Communist International records, court proceedings, and congressional investigations. As an example of the richness of the material, the essay reviews the notebooks' documentation of Soviet spy William Weisband's success in alerting the Soviet Union to the U.S. decryption project that tracked Soviet military logistic communications, allowing the USSR to implement a more secure encryption system and blinding the United States to preparations for the invasion of South Korea in 1950.

scholarly journals Intradialytic Hypotension and Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finnian R. Mc Causland ◽  
Jim A. Tumlin ◽  
Prabir Roy-Chaudhury ◽  
Bruce A. Koplan ◽  
Alexandru I. Costea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Intradialytic Hypotension ◽  
Clinically Significant

Background and objectivesPatients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD) have a high incidence of cardiac events, including arrhythmia and sudden death. Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a common complication of HD and is associated with development of reduced myocardial perfusion, a potential risk factor for arrhythmia.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe analyzed data from the Monitoring in Dialysis study, which used implantable loop recorders to detect and continuously monitor electrocardiographic data from patients on maintenance HD (n=66 from the United States and India) over a 6-month period (n=4720 sessions). Negative binomial mixed effects regression was used to test the association of IDH20 (decline in systolic BP >20 mm Hg from predialysis systolic BP) and IDH0–20 (decline in systolic BP 0–20 mm Hg from predialysis systolic BP) with clinically significant arrhythmia (bradycardia≤40 bpm for ≥6 seconds, asystole≥3 seconds, ventricular tachycardia ≥130 bpm for ≥30 seconds, or patient-marked events) during HD.ResultsThe median age of participants was 58 (25th–75th percentile, 49–66) years; 70% were male; and 65% were from the United States. IDH occurred in 2251 (48%) of the 4720 HD sessions analyzed, whereas IDH0–20 occurred during 1773 sessions (38%). The number of sessions complicated by least one intradialytic clinically significant arrhythmia was 27 (1.2%) where IDH20 occurred and 15 (0.8%) where IDH0–20 occurred. Participants who experienced IDH20 (versus not) had a nine-fold greater rate of developing an intradialytic clinically significant arrhythmia (incidence rate ratio, 9.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.0 to 29.4), whereas IDH0–20 was associated with a seven-fold higher rate (incidence rate ratio, 7.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.1 to 25.4).ConclusionsIDH is common in patients on maintenance HD and is associated with a greater risk of developing intradialytic clinically significant arrhythmia.

scholarly journals Beware the "Terror Gap": Closing the Loophole between the U.S. Terrorist Watchlist System and the Right to Bear Arms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Moran Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Pakistani American ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gap Closing ◽  
The U.S

103 Cornell L. Rev. 205 (2017)In July 2014, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) interviewed a man named Omar Mateen about his connection to a Florida native named Moner Mohammad Abusalha. Abusalha had killed himself two months earlier during a suicide attack in Syria, during which he drove a truck full of explosives into a restaurant. The group formerly known as Jabhat al-Nusra claimed responsibility for the suicide attack and credited Abusalha as the first U.S. citizen to carry out a “martyrdom operation” on Syrian soil.The local Islamic community in Abusalha’s hometown of Port St. Lucie, Florida struggled to reconcile how a “jovial and easygoing” young man had become radicalized. Abusalha’s initial radicalization had occurred in the United States prior to his first trip to Syria in 2013, and there was a concern among the community that its youth could be susceptible to the same extremist tendencies—especially given that Abusalha had made an apparent recruiting trip back to the United States after his training in Syria. Mohammed Malik, a Pakistani-American living in Port St. Lucie and a member of the local Islamic community, took it upon himself to speak with the FBI and other concerned community members in an effort to understand the motive behind Abusalha’s radicalization. One such conversation occurred between Malik and Mateen, both of whom had attended mosque at the Islamic Center of Fort Pierce with Abusalha. During this conversation, Mateen told Malik that, like Abusalha, he too had been watching videos depicting the American-born-turned-al-Qaeda digital propagandist, Anwar al-Awlaki. Mateen told Malik that he found the videos “very powerful,” a response that Malik found disturbing enough to again contact the FBI. The FBI, having already looked into Mateen based on a tip received in 2013, investigated him for a second time and once again deemed him not to be a threat.

Wilhelm Reich, the FBI and the Norwegian Communist Party: The Consequences of an Unsubstantiated Rumor

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Federal Bureau Of Investigation ◽  
Immigration And Naturalization Service ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Wilhelm Reich ◽  
The Subject

Soon after his arrival in the United States from Oslo, radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich became the subject of intensive inquiry by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Part of what motivated the FBI's case against Reich was an anonymous claim that he had been a member of the Norwegian Communist Party. The initial investigation led to Reich's arrest and detention for nearly a month after the United States declared war on Germany in December, 1941. Some years later, after Reich became a naturalized citizen of the United States, a more extensive investigation occurred, this time by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The INS looked to strip Reich of his citizenship, and central to their efforts was the very same anonymous claim about his membership in the Norwegian Communist Party. In this essay, relying upon US government documents, Reich's reported membership is examined and its veracity assessed.

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