Accommodating the Stranger en Casa: How Mexican American Elders and Caregivers Decide to Use Formal Care

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice D. Crist ◽  
Dianna García-Smith ◽  
Linda Phillips

Mexican American elders have higher levels of functional impairment and chronic illness, yet they use formal home care services less than do non-Hispanic White elders. This article describes the processes by which Mexican American elders and their caregivers decide to use home care services. Interviews were conducted with Mexican American elders (n = 11) and family caregivers (n = 12) for a sample of 23 individuals. The emerging substantive grounded theory included three stages that described the process of deciding to use home care services: Taking Care of our Own, Acknowledging Options, and Becoming Empowered. The processes describe how Mexican American families eventually accept home care services while maintaining their cultural norm of taking care of elders. The theory gives voice to both elders and caregivers in this process, adds to extant knowledge, and shapes interventions to support traditional Mexican American family values such as elders’ staying at home as long as possible. The theory meets nursing’s goals of reducing health care disparities by improving or sustaining elders’ health and functional ability, decreasing the caregiving burden, and reducing health care costs.

Author(s):  
Adalto Alfredo Pontes Filho ◽  
Lúcia Dias da Silva Guerra

O cuidado domiciliar à saúde é prática milenar que remota a existência da família como unidade estruturante da sociedade, e o domicílio como espaço de convivência do núcleo familiar. Já descrito em textos históricos do Egito e Grécia Antiga, o cuidado em saúde no ambiente domiciliar desta época tem pouco em comum com o que na atualidade denominamos Atenção Domiciliar à Saúde (ADS). Em tais épocas, o cuidar em saúde pode ser compreendido como extensão do papel social da unidade familiar, visto a inexistência de profissionais e serviços de saúde da forma que conhecemos hoje. Tal prática só será questionada, ou posta à prova, com o advento do hospital como estrutura moderna centralizadora e monopolizadora dos cuidados em saúde, amplamente impulsionada pelo desenvolvimento da Medicina Científica, a partir de meados do século XIX. Se o sucesso da Medicina Científica pode ser apontado como responsável pela perda do status dos cuidados domiciliares, atualmente os excessos da medicina baseada nas ciências biomédicas, estruturante das instituições hospitalares, parece ser o ponto de inflexão que tem levado pacientes, famílias e profissionais a questionar a supremacia hospitalar nos cuidados em saúde. No Brasil, tem-se observado nos últimos 20 anos o aumento progressivo do número de serviços de ADS. Tal movimento parece se justificar por três razões principais. A primeira delas, como descrito acima, diz respeito ao questionamento levantado pela sociedade quanto aos excessos, malefícios e limitações da medicina hospitalar para os cuidados de pacientes crônicos, ou em reabilitação de longo prazo. Um exemplo que ilustra esse fato são as infecções nosocomiais por patógenos multirresistentes adquiridas em internações hospitalares. Uma segunda razão diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de tecnologias substitutivas àquelas de uso exclusivo às unidades hospitalares, o que permite a prestação de cuidados de níveis mais complexo em outros contextos, como o domiciliar. Pode-se citar a facilidade no aporte de terapia de suporte ventilatório e oxigenioterapia como exemplos. O terceiro, e certamente mais importante, diz respeito aos custos associados à assistência hospitalar, reconhecidos como problemas centrais em qualquer sistema de saúde. Apesar do histórico extenso da ADS e sua potencial capacidade de contribuir para melhorar a eficiência dos sistemas de saúde, a mesma ainda não está estruturada plenamente para este fim. Por ser extremamente abrangente e possuir uma diversidade de configurações possíveis, a ADS não possui um conceito único que integre as diferente dimensões em que está envolvida. A ADS é definida pelo Ministério da Saúde brasileiro, como uma modalidade de atenção à saúde, constituída por um conjunto de ações de promoção à saúde, prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação, prestada em domicílio, de forma integrada à Rede de Atenção à Saúde. No âmbito do SUS, a ADS tem se organizado a partir da rede de atenção primária à saúde, tendo como principal programa estruturante o Melhor em casa, criado em 2011. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os custos associados à ADS no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Método: O estudo proposto será realizado por meio de uma revisão de literatura integrativa, utilizando a bases de dados PubMed e LILACS. Para guiar esta revisão foi elaborada a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: “Quais são os custos associados à ADS no Brasil e nos Estado Unidos, e de que modo estes se relacionam com os modelos assistenciais e sistemas nacionais de saúde destes países?”.  Selecionou-se os seguintes Descritores de Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar, Serviços Hospitalares de Assistência Domiciliar, Agências de Assistência Domiciliar, Visita Domiciliar, Custos e Análise de Custo, Custos de Cuidados de Saúde, Gastos em Saúde, Organização e Administração. A sintaxe utilizada para a busca nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs, foram as seguintes: no MEDLINE (((((((Home Care Services[MeSH Terms]) OR Home Care Services, Hospital-Based[MeSH Terms]) OR Home Care Agencies[MeSH Terms]) AND House Calls[MeSH Terms]) OR (Costs and Cost Analysis[MeSH Terms])) OR Health Care Costs[MeSH Terms]) OR Health Expenditures[MeSH Terms]) AND (Organization and Administration[MeSH Terms]), e na LILACS (tw:(Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar)) OR (tw:(Serviços Hospitalares de Assistência Domiciliar)) OR (tw:(Agências de Assistência Domiciliar)) OR (tw:(Visita Domiciliar)) AND (tw:(Custos e Análise de Custo)) OR (tw:(Custos de Cuidados de Saúde)) OR (tw:(Gastos em Saúde)) OR (tw:(Organização e Administração)). Resultados Esperados: pretende-se caracterizar a ADS nos países em estudo; descrever os principais itens de custo relacionados à ADS nos países em estudo; estudar as principais características dos sistemas de saúde dos países em estudo, considerando os modelos técnico-assistenciais presentes na ADS; e relacionar os custos associados à ADS com os modelos técnico-assistenciais e de sistemas de saúde dos países em estudo. Considerações finais: Apesar dos avanços da ADS nas últimas décadas, esta modalidade de assistência à saúde ainda é pouco estruturada e estudada. Em análise preliminar dos resultados da pesquisa nas bases de dados, observa-se que grande parte da literatura disponível se trata de relatos de experiência ou publicações amparadas no empirismo do autor. Tal fato pode indicar a necessidade de maior investimento neste campo, visto seu potencial como reorganizador da atenção à saúde de pacientes com condições crônicas ou em contexto de terminalidade de vida.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Gautun ◽  
Astri Syse

Aim: In order to improve patient outcomes and minimize health care costs, many Western countries are attempting to reduce the length of stay in hospitals by transferring responsibilities from specialist care to primary care. In Norway, the Coordination Reform was implemented in 2012 to enhance this development. As a result, the number of patients discharged to the municipal health care services has increased significantly. We investigate the extent to which nurses in nursing homes and home care services feel equipped to provide adequate care for patients discharged from hospitals after the reform.Data: Altogether, 1,938 nurses representing around 80% of Norwegian municipalities assessed their experiences of this reform.Results: An increase in the number of poorly functioning patients discharged to the municipality services was reported. Regardless of place of work, concerns were raised about limited resources in terms of personnel, equipment and competence, as well as an increase in hospital readmission rates. Negative reports on care provision for recently discharged patients came most frequently from nurses in municipalities which generally had low incomes, diverted limited resources to the health care sector and relied heavily on home-based care.Conclusion: Insufficient transfer of resources to the home care services may have hampered the ability to fulfil the Coordination Reform’s intentions of providing safe care to patients in their own homes as an alternative to prolonged hospital stays. Due to a marked increase in reported hospital readmissions, it is not obvious that shorter lengths of stays have reduced overall health care costs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237796081984436
Author(s):  
Rita Sørly ◽  
Martin Sollund Krane ◽  
Geir Bye ◽  
May-Britt Ellingsen

Background: There is a need for qualitative studies on imposed innovation in home care services in welfare societies. The municipalities are key actors in the field of innovation in the public sector. As innovations often are interpreted to be in conflict with values in health care, we need knowledge on how policy changes and imposed innovations are understood and handled by middle managers working in the sector. Aim: We aim to explore how middle managers react to imposed innovation in health services through their storytelling. The research question was “What can middle managers' stories of imposed innovation tell us about their role in, and some important prerequisites for, innovation processes in municipal health-care services?” Methods: A narrative study of experiences with municipal innovation among middle managers in Norway. In this article, we do a thematic analysis of interviews with seven female middle managers who work in a home care service department. Findings: The study develops an understanding of which frameworks are required within a home care service to meet constant demands for innovation. Innovations are understood by the managers as results of policy changes and new public management demands and as a troublesome burden. We find the prerequisites for implementing innovations to be (1) trust-based management, (2) flexibility and dynamics, (3) continuity of care, and (4) emphasis on competence. These prerequisites are further interpreted in relation to dominant discourses on innovation at the macro, meso, and micro levels within the storytelling contexts. Conclusion: Imposed innovations require a negotiating practice in cross-disciplinary environments at all levels in the organization.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finaba Berete ◽  
Stefaan Demarest ◽  
Rana Charafeddine ◽  
Karin Ridder ◽  
Johan Vanoverloop ◽  
...  

Abstract BackgroundThis study examines the risk factors associated with nursing home admission (NHA) in Belgium to contribute to a better planning of the future demand for nursing home (NH) services and health care resources.MethodsIndividual level linkage of the 2013 Belgian health interview survey data and health insurance data (2012 to 2018) was done. Only non-institutionalized participants, aged ≥65 years at the time of the survey were included in this study (n=1930). Participants were followed until NHA, death or end of study period, i.e., December 31, 2018. The risk of NHA was calculated using a competing risk analysis.ResultsOver the follow-up period (median 5.29 years), 226 individuals were admitted to a NH and 268 died without admission to a NH. The overall cumulative risk of NHA was 1.4%, 5.7% and 13.1% at, respectively 1 year, 3 years and the end of follow-up. After multivariable adjustment, higher age, low educational attainment, belonging to low income household, living alone, use of home care services and a number of need factor (e.g., history of falls, suffering from urinary incontinence, depression or Alzheimer disease, etc.) were significantly associated with a higher risk of NHA, while female, individuals with multimorbidity and increased contacts with health care providers were significantly associated with a decreased risk of NHA. Subjective health and limitations are both significant determinants of NHA, but subjective health is an effect modifier on the effect of limitations and vice versa.ConclusionsOur findings pinpoint important predictors of NHA in older adults, and offer possibilities of prevention to avoid or delay NHA for this population. The strong impact of need factors on the risk of NHA may indicate equitable access to NHA (i.e., those in need for support have access to NH). Practical implications include prevention of falls and appropriate and timely management of physical chronic conditions and neurodegenerative disorders. Focus should also be on people living alone to provide the appropriate social support and/or home care services. Further investigation of predictors of NHA should include contextual factors such as the availability of nursing-home beds, hospital beds, physicians and waiting lists for NHA.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Lousada ◽  
Francisco Clécio Dutra ◽  
Beatriz Silva ◽  
Natália Oliveira ◽  
Ismael Bastos ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Safety culture in primary care and home care services is still poorly studied, although this levels of care are the gateways to health services. This study aims to evaluate the culture of patient safety in Primary and Home Care Services. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study carried out with 147 professionals from nine district linked to the Home Care Program and six primary health care units. For the evaluation of culture, the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) was used, which considers a positive patient safety culture with scores ≥ 75. Results: Men who work in home care with time of professional experience of three to four years scored better for the Safety Climate, Job Satisfaction, Teamwork Climate and Total SAQ. Perception of management and Working Conditions received lower scores from professionals with long time of experience.Conclusions: It is concluded that the safety culture evaluation was better in the home care service when compared to the primary health care service.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863292090373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Cheng ◽  
John P Hirdes ◽  
George Heckman ◽  
Jeff Poss

Home care is an important service for persons with neurological conditions, but little is known about factors affecting health care costs in this setting. Using administrative data collected with the Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care (RAI-HC), this study identified factors associated with home care costs for recipients of home care services with Alzheimer disease or related dementias, multiple sclerosis, and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As part of this study, the effectiveness of the Resource Utilization Groups for Home Care (RUG-III/HC), a case-mix classification system developed for the RAI-HC, in predicting care costs for this population, was also tested. Clinical characteristics indicative of greater disease severity had high levels of significance in predicting home care costs. In particular, the RUG-III/HC was highly predictive of home care costs for 3 neurological conditions, indicating the validity of this case-mix system for this population. With the increasing prevalence of neurological conditions and demand for home care services, future studies should continue to focus on identifying specific predictors care costs for those with neurological conditions in this care setting.


2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice D. Crist ◽  
Cathleen Michaels ◽  
Donald E. Gelfand ◽  
Linda R. Phillips

Mexican American elders’ and their caregivers’ awareness of available home care services is one of nine factors hypothesized to be associated with underuse of home care services. Previous instruments did not fully measure service awareness. The objective of this study was to explore the conceptual foundation of service awareness, generate items, and establish language equivalence in Spanish and English for the Service Awareness Scale. A hybrid use of the literature and fieldwork were used to develop the concept and generate items. The team used back-translation and community collaboration to test for language equivalence. Concept development and language equivalence were achieved for the Service Awareness Scale. Teaching/learning theories contributed to the definition and inductive validity of service awareness and item generation and can shape future interventions. Bicultural/bilingual community and research team partners refined its measure. The scale will be usable in research and practice designed to promote equity in health care use.


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