ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY OF AMMONIA, NITRITE, AND NITRATE TO THE ENDANGERED TOPEKA SHINER (NOTROPIS TOPEKA) AND FATHEAD MINNOWS (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS)

Two continuous-flow bioassays on the chronic toxicity of cadmium to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) indicated that the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for this species is between 57 and 37 μg Cd/liter. The experimental concentration of 57 μg Cd/liter decreased survival of the developing embryos, the embryos being the most sensitive life stage. At lower concentrations of 37 to 4.5 μg Cd/liter, no adverse effect on survival, growth, or reproduction was found. Application factors based on the acute bioassays are discussed in relation to the great variation in toxicity values.

Download Full-text

Development of apical pits in chloride cells of the gills of Pimephales promelas after chronic exposure to acid water

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100076044 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 462-463

Author(s):

Richard L. Leino ◽

Jon G. Anderson ◽

J. Howard McCormick

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Chronic Exposure ◽

Lake Superior ◽

Pimephales Promelas ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Fathead Minnows ◽

Secondary Lamellae ◽

Untreated Water ◽

Water Ph ◽

Flow Through

Groups of 12 fathead minnows were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5) with reagent grade H2SO4 by means of a multichannel toxicant system for flow-through bioassays. Untreated water (pH 7.5) had the following properties: hardness 45.3 ± 0.3 (95% confidence interval) mg/1 as CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 ± 0.2 mg/1; Cl- 0.03 meq/1; Na+ 0.05 meq/1; K+ 0.01 meq/1; Ca2+ 0.68 meq/1; Mg2+ 0.26 meq/1; dissolved O2 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/1; free CO2 3.2 ± 0.4 mg/1; T= 24.3 ± 0.1°C. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd gills were subsequently processed for LM (methacrylate), TEM and SEM respectively.Three changes involving chloride cells were correlated with increasing acidity: 1) the appearance of apical pits (figs. 2,5 as compared to figs. 1, 3,4) in chloride cells (about 22% of the chloride cells had pits at pH 5.0); 2) increases in their numbers and 3) increases in the % of these cells in the epithelium of the secondary lamellae.

Download Full-text

Acute and chronic toxicity studies on Polygonum glabrum in experimental animals

International Journal of Pharmacometrics and Integrated Biosciences ◽

10.26452/ijpib.v3i1.1216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 7-10

Author(s):

Saravanakumar A ◽

Gandhimathi R

Keyword(s):

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Plant Roots ◽

Root Extract ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Toxicity Studies ◽

Acute And Chronic Toxicity ◽

Diuretic Agents

Polygonum glabrum is being used in traditional and folklore medicine to treat pneumonia and jaundice. Plant roots are used in ayurvedic preparations to treat fever and colic. The leaves are used as diuretic agents and process vermifuge action. Plant decoction is also used in the treatment of Rheumatism. Besides having many uses and folklore claims, herbal medicines are to be thoroughly investigated for their toxicity also. Therefore this work is being carried out to examine the toxicity of the drug and established dose is safe to use in the clinical stage. The current research studied the acute and chronic toxicity of Polygonum glabrum root extract in rats. It is proved that there was no change in any parameter tested both in acute and chronic toxicity, which means the extract is safe and non-toxic at the dose of 2g/kg also.

Download Full-text

Study of acute and chronic toxicity of homeopathic syrup Stodal

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics ◽

10.37489/2587-7836-2020-1-53-58 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 53-58

Author(s):

S. V. Alekseeva ◽

A. V. Sorokina ◽

V. V. Zabrodina ◽

I. A. Miroshkina ◽

A. S. Lapitskaya

Keyword(s):

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Acute And Chronic Toxicity

Download Full-text

Comparison of Joint Effect of Acute and Chronic Toxicity for Combined Assessment of Heavy Metals on Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126644 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6644

Author(s):

Nur Adila Adnan ◽

Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi ◽

Siti Salwa Abd Gani ◽

Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan ◽

Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Joint Effect ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Acute Test ◽

Acute And Chronic Toxicity ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Luminescence Inhibition ◽

Toxicity Unit

Predicting the crucial effect of single metal pollutants against the aquatic ecosystem has been highly debatable for decades. However, dealing with complex metal mixtures management in toxicological studies creates a challenge, as heavy metals may evoke greater toxicity on interactions with other constituents rather than individually low acting concentrations. Moreover, the toxicity mechanisms are different between short term and long term exposure of the metal toxicant. In this study, acute and chronic toxicity based on luminescence inhibition assay using newly isolated Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE as the indicator are presented. Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE was exposed to the mixture at a predetermined ratio of 1:1. TU (Toxicity Unit) and MTI (Mixture Toxic Index) approach presented the mixture toxicity of Hg2+ + Ag+, Hg2+ + Cu2+, Ag+ + Cu2+, Hg2+ + Ag+ + Cu2+, and Cd2+ + Cu2+ showed antagonistic effect over acute and chronic test. Binary mixture of Cu2+ + Zn2+ was observed to show additive effect at acute test and antagonistic effect at chronic test while mixture of Ni2+ + Zn2+ showing antagonistic effect during acute test and synergistic effect during chronic test. Thus, the strain is suitable and their use as bioassay to predict the risk assessment of heavy metal under acute toxicity without abandoning the advantage of chronic toxicity extrapolation.

Download Full-text