scholarly journals Culicoides imicola, vecteur du virus de sérotype 8 de la fièvre catarrhale ovine

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Gert J. Venter ◽  
I. Wright ◽  
R. Del Rio ◽  
D. Majatladi ◽  
I. Hermanides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Field Isolate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Culicoides Species ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Isolate ◽  
Virus Recovery ◽  
African Isolate

Based on its abundance near livestock and wide geographical distribution, one of the most important Culicoides virus vector species of orbiviruses is the Afro-Asiatic species C. (Avaritia) imi­cola. It is considered a proven vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) and is one of the world’s most widely distributed Culicoides spe­cies. Strong correlations were found between the presence of C. imicola and outbreaks of BT and African horse sickness (AHS) in Africa and BT in Southern Europe. In 2006, BT serotype 8 (BTV- 8) was responsible for the first outbreaks ever of BT recorded in Northern Europe. Outbreaks first appeared in the Netherlands and Belgium, and subsequently spread to Germany, France, and Luxemburg. The virus apparently overwintered in Northern Europe and, during 2007-2008, spread across the whole of Europe. The outbreaks in Northern Europe happened in the absence of C. imicola. Members of the Culicoides (Culicoides) pulicaris and C. (A.) Obsoletus complexes have been implicated in BTV transmission. In the present study, the oral susceptibil­ity of C. imicola and other South African livestock associated Culicoides species to various isolates of BTV-8 were determined by artificial feeding. During summer 2008, a Belgium and a recent (2004) South African field isolate of BTV-8 were fed to Culicoides collected at two localities in South Africa. Adult Culicoides midges were collected at the Agricultural Research Council; Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) and at Clarens, in a cooler mountainous area of South Africa. At ARC-OVI the dominant species was C. imicola and at Clarens it was C. (A.) bolitinos. The South African field isolate was fed at con­centrations of 5.8 and 7.8 log10TCID50/mL in the blood meal and the Belgium isolate at 6.8 log10 TCID50/mL. The following summer (2009) the same South African (6.8 log10 TCID50/mL) and Belgium (6.8 log10 TCID50/mL), a Dutch (4.8 log10 TCID50/ mL) and a Spanish (6.1 log10 TCID50/mL) isolates of BTV-8 were fed to Culicoides species collected at ARC-OVI. In the same season, the South African and Belgium isolates were also fed to midges collected at Clarens. Virus recovery, after an incubation period of 10 days at 23.5°C in C. imicola, was low for all iso­lates for both years. The South African isolate (5.8 log10 TCID50/ mL) and the Spanish isolate of BTV-8 could not be recovered from 420 and 492 midges tested after incubation. The recov­ery rate for the other isolates ranged from 2/403 (0.5%) (2008: SA isolate) to 1/683 (0.1%) (2009: SA isolate). These relatively low recovery rates make direct comparison between isolates problematic. Virus recovery from C. bolitinos fed on the South African isolate (7.8 log10 TCID50/mL) was significantly higher than any of the other isolates. During 2008 the Belgium iso­late could be recovered from 4/229 (1.7%) C. bolitinos tested. Other Culicoides species from which BTV-8 could be isolated included C. (Meijerehelea) leucostictus, C. (A.) gulbenkiani and C. (unplaced) angolensis. Viral concentrations in infected C. imi­cola ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 and from 0.7 to 3.4 log10 TCID50/ mL in C. bolitinos. These results are in agreement with previous studies indicating a similarly low susceptibly in C. imicola for the reference strain of BTV-8. The relatively low oral susceptibility to near refractory status of C. imicola as determined for some of the isolates in this study will easily be compensated for by the high abundance of C. imicola in South Africa. Cumulative laboratory oral susceptibility results from South Africa indicate a consistently higher susceptibility in C. bolitinos for BTV as well as a multi-vector potential for BTV as well as AHSV. The unique biology of potential vector competent Culicoides species emphasizes the complex epidemiology of these diseases.

scholarly journals The impact of the credit legislation on consumers

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hlako Choma ◽  
Thifulufhelwi Cedric Tshidada ◽  
Tshegofatso Kgarabjang
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
Financial Obligation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Credit Act

The purpose of this paper is to examine two South Africa legislations dealing with over indebtedness of a consumer. It is clear that in terms of the South African law, section 129 (1) and 130 (3) of the National Credit Act provide that a creditor provider who wishes to enforce a debt under a credit agreement must first issue a section 129 (1) (a) notice to the consumer (the purpose of the notice is to notify the consumer of his/her arrears). On the other hand, the South African National Credit Act encourages the consumers to fulfil the financial obligations for which they are responsible. The second legislation to be examined which serve or appear to serve same purpose as the National Credit Act is the Insolvency Act. It therefore, postulated that the compulsory sequestration of a consumer in terms of the Insolvency Act would stand as an alternative remedy for a credit provider before she/he can have recourse mechanisms, such as debt review that are focused on satisfaction of the consumer’s financial obligation , in terms of the provisions of the National Credit Act. The paper determines to what extend these measures comply with the constitutional consumer protection demands. The legislature had been pertinently cognizant of the Insolvency Act when it lately enacted the National Credit Act. This is much apparent from the express amendment of section 84 of the Insolvency Act to the extent set out in schedule 2 of the National Credit Act

How Apartheid Education Encouraged and Reinforced Tribalism and Xenophobia in South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-151
Author(s):  
Mashudu Peter Makhado ◽  
Tshifhiwa Rachel Tshisikhawe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
African People

Apartheid like colonialism was anchored on the divisions of African people according to ethnic and tribal orientations among others. The idea of the South African apartheid government was to build tribal exceptionalism and superiority which would make one tribe feel more superior than the other. A Zulu would feel better human than a Sotho, while a Venda would feel the same over a Tsonga, for example. This is a qualitative desktop study investigating how apartheid education was used to fuel tribalism and xenophobia in South Africa.

The genus Rubus in South Africa. I. Chromosome numbers and geographical distribution of species

Bothalia ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Spies ◽  
H. Du Du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
African Species ◽  
Rubus Species ◽  
First Time

The geographical distribution of 14 of the Rubus species in South Africa is presented. Chromosome numbers of nine of the species were determined: six for the first time, one is confirmed and additional polyploid levels are described for the other two species. It is demonstrated that the South African species of the subgenus Idaeobatus contain less diploid specimens and more polyploid specimens than their extra-African counterparts. This phenomenon could be attributed to hybridization between the subgenera Eubatus and  Idaeobatus.

I.—Notes On Fossil Plants From South Africa

1907 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Seward
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
The South ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
New Name ◽  
Outline Drawing

The specimen represented in Fig. 1 was found by Mr. J. A. Whaits at Prince Albert in shale lying between the Witteberg Series and the Dwyka conglomerate: it consists of a single whorl of leaves of which the longest has a length of 4–5 cm. and a breadth of 3 mm. The linear segments converge towards a narrow axis about 5mm. in diameter; they show faint indications of a midrib and have acuminate apices.In spite of the fact that Fig. 1 represents the only example so far discovered I propose, for the sake of convenience, to describe it under a new name, thus placing on record Mr. Whaits's contribution to our knowledge of a flora the discovery of additional records of which would be of exceptional interest. It must, however, be admitted that the specimen for which the generictitle Phyllotheca is chosen hardly affords satisfactory evidence as to its affinity.The material on which this species is founded was obtained from the Uitenhage Series at Herbertsdale in Cape Colony and presented to the South African Museum by Mr. Kolbe. It consists of several pieces of what appears to have been a large stem rèaching a length of about 90 cm. The outline drawing reproduced in Fig. 2 from a photograph sent to me from the Museum by Miss Wilman shows the curious shape of the fossil, tapering to a blunt point at one end and flatter and broader at the other; Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate the surface features as seen on portions of the weathered stem.

scholarly journals VII. The action of the venom of sepedon hæmachates of South Africa

1909 ◽  
Vol 200 (262-273) ◽  
pp. 241-269 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope

Sepedon hæmachates has received other names, such as Naja hæmachates, Naja Capensis , and Aspidelaps hæmachates . It is found at the Cape of Good Hope, Namaqualand, Clanwilliam, and elsewhere in South Africa. It is known to the Dutch as “Rhinghals” and “Spuwslang,” and in Cape Colony also as the “Brown Snake.” It measures about 2 feet in length, and has the reputation of being one of the most lethal of the South African snakes. Being a Colubrine of the sub-family of the Elapinæ, it is therefore closely related, in zoological characters, to the members of the Naja genus which includes the deadly Cobras and Hamadryad. So far as we have been able to ascertain, the action of this venom has not before been examined. The Sepedon venom used in this investigation was extracted from eight dried glands: two of which were sent to one of us, in 1898, by Mr. J. W. van Putten, of van Putten’s Vlei, Clanwilliam, and the other six, in 1901, by Dr. Robertson, of the Agricultural Department of Cape Colony. To these gentlemen we take this opportunity of expressing our great indebtedness. The glands had been removed in South Africa from recently killed serpents, cleared of adhering fat and other extraneous matter, and then thoroughly and quickly dried by being hung up in a warm and airy place. Along with the dried glands, there were sent the heads of several of the serpents from which these glands had been removed. The latter were submitted to Mr. Boulenger, F. R. S., of the British Museum, and he confirmed the identification of their being heads of Sepedon hæmachates .

scholarly journals The cricket bowling performance of different racial groups at a junior provincial level in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
M S Taliep
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
The South ◽  
Black African ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cricket Bowling

Objective. To investigate the difference in performance and bowling opportunity of black African (BA), coloured/Indian (C/I) and white(W) cricket bowlers at a junior provincial level in South Africa between 2006 and 2012.Methods. Data of all players performing in the South African interprovincial under-13 (U13), under-15 (U15) and under-19 (U19)tournaments were analysed. Bowling performance (bowling average and the top 20 wicket takers relative to their par representation) andbowling opportunity (number of overs bowled) were compared between racial groups.Results. There were no significant differences in the bowling averages between BA bowlers and the other racial groups between 2008 and 2012.BA bowling averages were only significantly worse than W bowlers in the U13s in 2006 and U19s in 2007. BA bowling averages were also onlysignificantly worse than C/I in the U13s and U15s in 2007. BA bowlers were below par representation in the top 20 wicket takers in each yearfor the U15s and U19s and below par representation for the U13s in 2007 - 2009 and 2011. The performance of C/I and W bowlers was relativelysimilar across the age groups. BA players bowled significantly fewer overs than W bowlers in the U13s in 2006, in the U15s in 2007 and 2009and in the U19s in 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011. C/I bowlers bowled significantly fewer overs than W bowlers in the U13s in 2008 and 2009.Conclusion. The bowling averages of the different racial groups are similar. However, there were relatively few BA bowlers in the top 20wicket takers each year. This could be because of a lack of highly skilled BA bowlers or the lack of opportunity provided to BA bowlers tobowl in these tournaments.

The Identity of a Pea Blight Fungus in South Africa *

Bothalia ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Van Warmelo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
The South ◽  
Perfect Stage ◽  
Didymella Pinodes ◽  
Ascochyta Pinodes

The perfect stage of Ascochyta pinodes (Berk. Blox.) Jones, a cause of pea blight in Natal, was compared with type material of  Sphaeria pinodes Berk, and Blox.,  Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. Blox.) Stone, and  Didymella pinodes (Berk. Blox.) Petrak and the development o f its ascocarps studied. Two types of ascocarp were found on the material of  Didymella pinodes, one perithecial and the other ascolocular in structure. The ascocarp of the South African fungus was typically ascolocular in development and construction and similar to that of other species of Mycosphaerella. These ascocarps were identical to those of  Sphaeria pinodes and Mycosphaerella pinodes and the ascolocular ascocarps of the  DidymeUa pinodes material. In development and morphology this fungus agrees more closely with the original generic concepts of the genus Mycosphaerella Joh. than with  Didymella Sacc. and should thus be named Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. Blox.) Stone.

The Compatibility of South African Anti-Dumping Laws with WTO Disciplines

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saloni Khanderia
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
South African ◽  
Export Price ◽  
International Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South

This article evaluates the compatibility of South African laws on anti-dumping with the WTO disciplines set forth in the Anti-Dumping Agreement. It analyses the provisions of the International Trade Administration Act 2002 and the Anti-Dumping Regulations 2005 to examine whether South Africa has been adhering to its WTO obligations. The South African law on this subject is largely incompatible with its WTO counterpart in matters of, inter alia, the calculation of the constructed export price, the determination of material injury and a causal relationship, the imposition of provisional and definitive anti-dumping duties and the procedure for review. This has in turn resulted in strained relationships between South Africa and the other members of the international community in regard to the procedures adopted during anti-dumping investigations.

scholarly journals Challenges and Prospects for Traditional Leadership in Africa: Towards Innovative Ideas to Enhance African Values among the Youth in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-281
Author(s):  
Philip Iya
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Question ◽  
African Society ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Society ◽  
Traditional Leadership ◽  
The One

The highly contested public law issue of the recognition of African values in South Africa with emphasis on the youth is addressed in this article. The arguments mooted revolve around the hypothesis that the youth in Africa ngenerally, but particularly in South Africa, are seldom involved in debates relating to African values, with the instance of African traditional leadership as a case in point. In expanding on this hypothesis two different approaches/schools of thought relating to the recognition of traditional leadership are highlighted. On the one end we find the ‘traditionalists’ with their emphasis on the ‘continued existence of traditional leaders’ for various reasons. On the other end, we find the ‘modernists’ who campaign for the total abolition of the institution of traditional leadership. However, the adoption of a more pragmatic middle course (an ‘inter-entrenched’ goalpost) is advocated. Nevertheless, the central question remains ‘how the South African society should move between the two goalposts (between traditionalism and modernism)?’ The answer to this question is the challenge.

The Prostigmatic Mites of South African Lizards

Parasitology ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Single Genus

In a previous paper (1935) an account was given of the prostigmatic mites parasitic on South African lizards, belonging to the two endemic families, the Zonuridae and Gerrhosauridae. The present paper deals with the fauna of the two remaining families of lizards, the Geckonidae and Agamidae, parasitised exclusively by prostigmatic mites. Trägardh (1905) and Hirst (1926) have made the most considerable contributions to the knowledge of the parasites of Geckonid and Agamid lizards; the latter placed the group on a sound systematic basis, the former, in addition to his descriptions of new forms, contributed valuable notes on the development and morphology of the species studied. With regard to mite parasites, however, up to the present, no systematic investigation has been attempted of all the species belonging to any one family of lizards from a given zoo-geographical region. In the present paper this has been attempted; the great majority of Geckonid and all the species of Agamid lizards from the South African subregion, either as living or spirit specimens, have been examined; from most of them mite parasites have been obtained. Both families of lizards are, genealogically speaking, derived from a long-established, Saurian stock; both are, in South Africa, extremely well demarcated, homogeneous families, with their main structural characteristics varying within narrow limits. In neither of them does loss or degeneration of the limbs occur. Each family is parasitised by a single genus of prostigmatic mites, the Geckonidae by Geckobia, the Agamidae by Pterygosoma; while Geckobia is found on the Geckonidae and on no other family, Pterygosoma is also a parasite of Gerrhosaurid lizards on which three species have been found. In a previous paper by the writer (1935, p. 3) Pimeliaphilus was cited as occurring on Geckonidae. Trägardh, who erected the genus (1905, p. 31), actually found his species P. podapolipophagus living under the elytra of a beetle, Pimelia, but the other two species of the genus, P. insignis Berl. and P. tenuipes Hirst, both occur on Geckonid lizards. Neither of these two species have been found in South Africa and it is extremely unlikely that they occur in this region.

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