THE GAME-BASED CRICKET BOWLING SKILL EXERCISE MODEL FOR CHILDREN AGES 12-15 YEARS

The aim of this study is to produce a game-based cricket bowling skill exercise model by testing the effectiveness of improving bowling skills in children aged 12-15 years. The method used in this study is research and development from Borg and Gall by using 10 stages. The research subjects for group trials and effectiveness are (1) small group trials of 16 children at SD Negeri 15 Pagi Pondok Bambu, (2) large group trials of 25 children at SMP Negeri 2 Kebakkramat, and (3) tests effectiveness of 40 children at Karanganyar Cricket Club.The data collection technique used is the result of expert validation and effectiveness test through an assessment instrument with t-test statistical data analysis. The validity test used by expert justification test, presented 3 experts consisting of: 1 games lecturer, 1 cricket lecturer, and 1 national cricket coach. The final model is produced 15 bowling cricket skill exercise models. The effectiveness test model uses the skills results of cricket bowling. The improvement of bowling cricket skills results showed a significance of t count=14,512, db=39 and p-value=0.00<0.05, which means that there is a significant difference between before and after being given the training model treatment, the pre-test average was 2.23 smaller than the post-test average is 4.47. It can be concluded that the game-based cricket bowling skill training model developed is quite effective for improving bowling skills in children aged 12-15 years.

Effect of Yoga on Performance and Physical Fitness in Cricket Bowlers

Cricket-bowling performance is known to be influenced by speed of ball release and accuracy. Currently, training sessions typically involve fielding-specific drills and conditioning exercises. Scientific evidence for inclusion of a comprehensive yoga intervention in daily training and exercise sessions remains unexplored. The present study explored the effect of yoga on bowling performance and physical fitness in cricket bowlers. Sports fitness testing and training were conducted among 60 non-elite recreational-club male cricket players aged 13–25 years. Cricket-bowling speed was e valuated using a speed radar gun, accuracy with a test developed by Portus et al., cardiorespiratory endurance using the yo-yo intermittent recovery test, lower-extremity and trunk strength using a back-leg dynamometer, upper-limb power using a medicine ball–throw test, power using a vertical-jump test, and flexibility using a sit-and-reach test. In addition to bowling practice, the yoga intervention group (n = 30) performed pranayama and standing and prone asana, whereas the control group (n = 30) practiced conventional conditioning exercises, for 45 minutes/day, three times a week, for 12 weeks. Improvement in bowling speed, accuracy, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, and flexibility were comparable between the two groups. Statistically significant improvements in baseline scores in bowling speed, accuracy, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle flexibility, strength, and power were comparable between the two groups of non-elite male cricket players. Bowling speed improved by 6.52% in the yoga group and by 5.18% in the control group. Bowling accuracy improved by 35.40% in the yoga group and by 31.29% in the control group. Additional research on long-duration intervention in elite players may help to establish the role of yoga in conventional cricket-bowling training.

Quantification of the demands of cricket bowling and the relationship to injury risk: a systematic review

Background Bowling in cricket is a complex sporting movement which, despite being well characterised, still produces a significant number of injuries each year. Fast bowlers are more likely to be injured than any other playing role. Frequency, duration, intensity and volume of bowling, which have been generalised as measurements of workload, are thought to be risk factors for injuries. Injury rates of fast bowlers have not reduced in recent years despite the implementation of various workload monitoring practices. Objective To identify the variables used to quantify frequency, intensity, time and volume of bowling; and evaluate relationships between these variables and injury risk. Methods Six online databases were systematically searched for studies on fast bowling that included terms related to workload. Population characteristics, variables relating to demand and their relationship to standardised definitions of physical activity were extracted from all included studies. Results Bowling workload is typically quantified through measures of frequency, duration, or indirect intensity, with few studies reporting on bowling volume. Conclusions When reported on, volume was often described using imprecise or insufficient measures of intensity. There is a need to develop more appropriate measures of intensity during bowling and improve the quality of evidence to inform on bowling programme management practices.

Modeling T20I cricket bowling effectiveness: A quantile regression approach with Bayesian extension

Bowling effectiveness is a key factor in winning cricket matches. The team captain should decide when to use the right bowler at the right moment so that the team can optimize the outcome of the game. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of different types of bowlers at different stages of the game, based on the conceded percentage of runs from the innings total, for each over. Bowlers are generally categorized into three types: fast bowlers, medium-fast bowlers, and spinners. In this article, the authors divided the twenty over spell of a T20I match into four stages; namely, Stage 1: overs 1-6 (PowerPlay), Stage 2: overs 7-10, Stage 3: overs 11-15, and Stage 4: overs 16-20. To understand the broad spectrum of the behavior of game variables, a Quantile Regression methodology is used for statistical analysis. Following that, a Bayesian approach to Quantile Regression is undertaken, and it confirms the initial results.

The effects of a four weeks combined resistance training programme on cricket bowling velocity

Background: Despite the importance of resistance training for cricket pace bowlers, there is limited research displaying meaningful improvements in ball release velocity following resistance training. Objectives: The study aimed at investigating the effects of a four weeks combined resistance training programme on ball release velocity in club cricket pace bowlers. Methods: Eighteen adult male club level pace bowlers were allocated into a combined resistance training (CRT) group or a traditional cricket training (TR) group. The CRT group (n=9) performed two training sessions a week for four weeks, consisting of a combination of core and lower body strength exercises, plyometric exercises, and weighted implement training. The TR group (n=9) did no resistance training and only bowled with regular weighted cricket balls. Pre- testing/post-testing variables were ball release velocity, bowling accuracy, and upper and lower body neuromuscular performance. Results: The CRT group significantly increased their ball release velocity by six percent (5.1 km·h-1), effect size (ES) =0.65, p<0.001) after four weeks of training, while there was no significant difference in the TR group (0.00 km·h-1, ES=0.0, p=0.674). There was no statistically significant difference in the bowling accuracy and lower body neuromuscular performance for both groups and the upper body neuromuscular performance for the CRT group. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of a combined resistance training programme that can be used to improve bowling velocity in cricket pace bowlers. This increase in ball velocity was not related to any of the neuromuscular performance variables measured.

Evaluation of an Anthropometric Fast Bowling Machine

The use of bowling machines to train batsmen whether it be indoors or outdoors has increased significantly. In the absence of bowlers, batsmen can bat for hours without any bowlers getting tired. The designs of these machines are often a derivative of ball projection machines used for other sports such as tennis. Reviewed literature highlights the deficit in visual information in the form of an arm and hand when using these machines. Hence a cricket bowling machine was developed with an arm and hand. The usability, functionality, repeatability, and accuracy of the cricket bowling machine with an arm and hand was tested which had been previously designed and built by Loutan Jr. (2016) at The University of Trinidad and Tobago. A trajectory model was developed for an indoor environment and experimentally validated with data collected from extensive testing of the bowling machine using Pitch Vision hardware and software. A design procedure had to be formulated to determine what test had to be done and the method of collecting data. The testing, data collection and validation of the model was done with the cricket bowling machine in its current state with minor changes to the hand. The release angle at which the ball leaves the hand was found to have a significant impact on the length (distance along the pitch the ball bounces) of the delivery. Finally, the bowling machine was able to bowl various lengths and varying speeds consistently. The variation in speed placed the machine in the category of medium-fast, that is, speeds between 120 km/h (75 mph) and 130 km/h (81mph). Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-02-04 Full Text: PDF

Self-efficacy assessment hinders improvement on a deliberate cricket bowling practice task

Self-related thoughts such as performance worries or attention to one’s own body movements during sport have been known to impact performance negatively. However, self-assessment is often encouraged during learning tasks, especially when being coached on sporting tasks. In this study we examined how attention directed towards an internal psychological aspect, self-efficacy, affected performance in a cricket bowling task. We hypothesised that cricketers who are asked to assess their own ability on a bowling task would show a deterioration in performance compared to control subjects who are asked to assess the ability of another. Participants were asked to rate their self- efficacy levels in the middle of a deliberate practice task. In the pre-test phase, participants attempted to bowl in a game-standard designated “good length” zone across twelve trials. Following this, experimental group members rated their own general and task-specific self-efficacy using Bandura’s self-efficacy questionnaire, while the control group rated someone else’s ability. They each then bowled for twelve more trials, and their performance was measured before and after the self-assessment based on the number of trials that were bowled within the standard “good length” zone. Paired t-tests showed that while the performance of the control group improved significantly from pre-test to post-test, t = 2.613, p = 0.008; the experimental group did not show a significant improvement, t = 1.156, p = 0.131. Results indicate that asking people to rate their confidence level may hinder their improvement on a deliberate practice task. This has implications for sport performance where athletes or coaches might be tempted to self-evaluate before performance, as well as for researchers who consider administering self-efficacy questionnaires prior to performance.