scholarly journals Projekt ustawy o książce z 2015 roku

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 241-266
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dziurdzia
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Book Price ◽  
Book Market ◽  
Limit Price ◽  
Book Prices

THE FIXED BOOK PRICE BILL OF 2015Fixed book prices are applied in some European countries. A fi xed book price is the price, set by the publisher, at which the book is to be sold. This solution is to limit price competition among the sellers in order to protect traditional bookshops and promote non-price competition on the book market. In Poland the book market is not regulated in such a way. In 2015 a fi xed book price bill, prepared by the Polish Chamber of Books, was submitted to the parliament. However, the bill was not adopted, because the parliament’s term ended. The author of the article examines the work of publishers and booksellers on the bill on the basis of the available reports by professionals and journalists, the contents of the bill as well as the course of the legislative process, drawing on records of meetings of parliamentary committees. In addition, the author presents opinions about the bill expressed from early 2013 until late 2015. The opinions come from interviews and articles written by journalists.

scholarly journals «Emptus Ferrarie». I prezzi del libro a stampa nella città estense fra Quattro e primi del Cinquecento

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Tinti
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Book Price ◽  
Book Market ◽  
Active Centre ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Manuscript Production ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The University ◽  
Book Prices

During the second half of the 15th century Ferrara, with the Este Court as well as the University and many professionals in law and medicine was an active centre in book circulation, use and - of course - selling. At the end of 15th century, the book market, besides the manuscript production prepared for the Este family and its entourage, was dominated by the cheapest hand-printed editions, also purchased by nobles (such as the Pio princes of Carpi) as well as by professors, doctors, judges and so on. This essay starts from the analytical study of book prices recorded in well known lists never examined before in this respect, then it focuses on purchasing notes in surviving copies, and archival documents. Book prices found in these three kinds of sources will be related not only to different moments in the purchase by the same owner but also to prices paid for everyday life goods in Ferrara at the time of Borso and Ercole I. This will offer a more precise idea of the average book price at the time, and of how much money was spent on books compared to that spent for something else.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Field-of-Use Restrictions in Patent Licensing Agreements: The Ethical Pharmaceutical Industry in the United States, 1950–1962

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-323
Author(s):  
MAR CEBRIÁN VILLAR ◽  
SANTIAGO LÓPEZ GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patent Licensing ◽  
Limit Price ◽  
Product Competition ◽  
The Impact

There are a number of strategies employed by companies to limit price competition, including patenting. This article investigates patent licensing restrictions as a strategy to erode price competition, using mainly information gleaned from the 1960–1962 Kefauver Committee hearings. The article deals with the pharmaceutical industry, which is one of the few sectors in which patents are essential to the development and introduction of innovations. The current study adds to a body of literature that has yielded mixed results with respect to the role of patents in this industry. The main contribution of this research is that restrictive licensing clauses, specifically field-of-use restrictions, are found to be relevant in eroding price competition in the institutional market. However, in the retail ethical market, price competition was absent even when no field-of-use restrictions were included in licensing contracts, although product competition was relevant between patented drugs.

The Constitution

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
Jens Peter Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Constitutional State ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Eu

The Constitutional Act of Denmark from 1953 provides the framework for democracy and the constitutional state. Denmark is a monarchy; however, the Queen’s role is mostly ceremonial. Compared to the constitutions of other nations, the Danish Constitution is brief, containing simple guidelines for the interaction between government and Parliament. These rules have allowed ample room for parliamentary life to evolve with the times. The few rules about the legislative process include a number of minority guaranties, for example, with respect to referendums. Such referendums have played a significant role in the transfer of power to the EU. The courts rule in all cases, both criminal and civil, as well as cases involving the legality of administrative decisions and cases concerning the constitutionality of legislation. Denmark does not have special administrative or constitutional courts. The Danish constitutional catalogue of rights is less comprehensive than in many European countries, with rules based on the original Constitutional Act of 1849. These have only been minimally expanded since. In praxis, constitutional rights are supplemented by the European Convention on Human Rights whose provisions are implemented legislatively. The Constitutional Act is difficult to amend, and there are currently no imminent amendments.

Averting robo-bees: why free-flying robotic bees are a bad idea

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
Roslyn Gleadow ◽  
Jim Hanan ◽  
Alan Dorin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Food Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Insect Interactions

Food security and the sustainability of native ecosystems depends on plant-insect interactions in countless ways. Recently reported rapid and immense declines in insect numbers due to climate change, the use of pesticides and herbicides, the introduction of agricultural monocultures, and the destruction of insect native habitat, are all potential contributors to this grave situation. Some researchers are working towards a future where natural insect pollinators might be replaced with free-flying robotic bees, an ecologically problematic proposal. We argue instead that creating environments that are friendly to bees and exploring the use of other species for pollination and bio-control, particularly in non-European countries, are more ecologically sound approaches. The computer simulation of insect-plant interactions is a far more measured application of technology that may assist in managing, or averting, ‘Insect Armageddon' from both practical and ethical viewpoints.

A Typology of Caregiving Situations and Service Use in Family Carers of Older People in Six European Countries

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Di Rosa ◽  
Christopher Kofahl ◽  
Kevin McKee ◽  
Barbara Bień ◽  
Giovanni Lamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Older People ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Service Use ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Typology Of Care

This paper presents the EUROFAMCARE study findings, examining a typology of care situations for family carers of older people, and the interplay of carers with social and health services. Despite the complexity of family caregiving situations across Europe, our analyses determined the existence of seven “caregiving situations,” varying on a range of critical indicators. Our study also describes the availability and use of different support services for carers and care receivers, and carers’ preferences for the characteristics of support services. Our findings have relevance for policy initiatives in Europe, where limited resources need to be more equitably distributed and services should be targeted to caregiving situations reflecting the greatest need, and organized to reflect the preferences of family carers.

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