scholarly journals Saving seed under international intellectual property Treaties and Iraqi Patent Law = La regulación de la reserva de semillas para resembrarlas en los tratados internacionales de propiedad industrial y en la legislación iraquí de patentes

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Saman Abdulrahman Ali
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Plant Variety Protection ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Coalition Provisional Authority ◽  
Variety Protection

Abstract: This study analyses legal position of saving seeds in internal and international levels, for example the TRIPS Agreement and the UPOV Convention of 1991. In this context the study attempts to compare and analyse the latest regulations of saving seeds in Iraq to previous amendments carried out by Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) and previous Iraqi governments and to the TRIPS Agreement. The study finds out that the Law No. 15 of 2013 on Registration, Accreditation and Protection of Agricultural Varieties is an attempt to comply with the TRIPS Agreement by providing plant variety protection.Keywords: Intellectual Property Law of Iraq, Saving Seeds, Plant Variety Protection, TRIPS Agreement, UPOV Convention of 1991.Resumen: Este artículo analiza la regulación legal de la práctica de los agricultores consistente en conservar semillas de su propia producción para proceder a sembrarlas en el siguiente ciclo de cultivo. Se analiza la regulación en el ámbito nacional y en el internacional, incluyendo la contenida en el Acuerdo ADPIC y en el Convenio de la UPOV de 1991. En este contexto, el trabajo compara y analiza las últimas regulaciones al respecto en Irak (incluidas las modificaciones introducidas por la Autoridad Provisional de la Coalición Internacional y por el gobierno iraquí) con la regulación del Acuerdo ADPIC. El estudio concluye que la Ley Nº 15 de 2013 sobre Registro, Acreditación y Protección de Variedades Agrícolas es un intento de cumplir con el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC al proporcionar protección de variedades vegetales.Palabras clave: Legislación iraquí de propiedad intelectual e industrial, reserva de semillas, protección de variedades vegetales, Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC, Convenio de la UPOV de 1991.

scholarly journals PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION IN AFRICA: TOWARDS COMPLIANCE WITH THE TRIPS AGREEMENT

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Cullet
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Member States ◽  
Plant Variety Protection ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
Variety Protection

Plant variety protection has come to the fore in the wake of the adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). TRIPS generally imposes the patentability of inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology and specifically mandates the introduction of a form of legal protection on plant varieties. Article 27.3(b) thus states that member states “shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof.”

scholarly journals Plant Variety Protection: Current Practices and Insights

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Ju-Kyung Yu ◽  
Yong-Suk Chung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Stability Testing ◽  
International Union ◽  
Plant Variety Protection ◽  
Common System ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Variety Protection

Breeders persistently supply farmers with the best varieties in order to exceed consumer demand through plant-breeding processes that are resource-intensive. In order to motivate continuous innovation in variety development, a system needs to provide incentives for plant breeders to develop superior varieties, for example, exclusive ownership to produce and market those varieties. The most common system is the acquisition of intellectual property protection through plant variety protection, also known as the breeder’s right. Most countries have adopted the system established by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). To be granted plant variety protection, the variety should prove to be unique by meeting three requirements: distinctness, uniformity, and stability. This review summarizes (1) the plant variety protection via UPOV convention, (2) technical methods for distinctness, uniformity, and stability testing via phenotype, molecular markers, and sequencing as well as their challenges and potentiality, and (3) additional discussions in essentially derived variety, value for cultivation and use testing, and open source seed initiative.

scholarly journals Criminal Enforcement and International Intellectual Property Law

2014 ◽  
pp. 134-153
Author(s):  
Siddharth Partap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Standard Set

There is a global consensus that domain of Intellectual Property should be subjected to criminal enforcement in order to secure the rights of owners of such Intellectual Property Rights. The TRIPS Agreement was, to some extent, successful in crystallizing the consensus as regards the criminal measures to be taken by States in the event of the infringement of Intellectual Property Rights through article 61. However, the standard set by the provision by minimal, to say the least. The advent of Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement has broader obligations, while also addressing some unsettled issues that have surfaced in disputes such as the China-IPRs case.

scholarly journals The Economics of Improvement in Intellectual Property Law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lemley
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Basic Work ◽  
Freedom Of Action

A number of doctrines in modern copyright and patent law attempt to strikesome balance between the rights of original developers and the rights ofsubsequent improvers. Both patents and copyrights are limited in durationand in scope. Each of these limitations provides some freedom of action tosubsequent improvers. Improvers are free to use material that is in thepublic domain because the copyright or patent has expired. They are free toskirt the edges of existing intellectual property rights, for example bytaking the ideas but not the expression from a copyrighted work or"designing around" the claims of a patent. However, improvers cannot alwaysavoid the intellectual property rights of the basic work on which they wishto improve. Some improvements fall within the scope of the preexistingintellectual property right, either because of an expansive definition ofthat right or because economic or technical necessity requires that theimprover hew closely to the work of the original creator in some basicrespect. Here, the improver is at the mercy of the original intellectualproperty owner, unless there is some separate right that expressly allowscopying for the sake of improvement.

scholarly journals Moral Rights: International Framework and Indian Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Nikhil Agarwal ◽  
Vinayak Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Transfer Of Information

In the wake of increasing globalization and technical advancements in the digital field, the dissemination of creative work has become easier than ever. However, this development has come with its own set of challenges, particularly for Intellectual Property Law, as most of online transfer of information is unregulated. Digitalization has lead to the imminent need for standardized and stringent protection of an author‟s work. While this protection is mainly conceived as commercial right of the author on his work, there is another fundamental element to it, which is equally important and cannot be neglected, i.e., moral rights. These rights include right of attribution and integrity and are so inextricably related, that they stay with the author, even after transfer of economic rights on the work. In order to ensure effective globalized protection, there is a requirement for minimum standards of protection in all domestic laws, as was provided in the TRIPS agreement. This paper analyzes the Moral Rights regime as envisaged by the TRIPS agreement, and the monoist and dualist approaches that have been adopted by different countries. It also analyzes the evolution of moral rights in India.

scholarly journals Heuristic Interventions in the Study of Intellectual Property

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Silbey
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Economic Analysis Of Law ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Social

In this Essay, I review and elaborate on Dan's Burk's On the Sociology of Patenting with three "heuristic interventions" for the study of intellectual property law. These interventions derive from sociology and anthropology, and to some extent also from critical literary theory. Unoriginal in the social sciences, these heuristic interventions remain largely original to the study of law within law schools and traditional legal scholarship (as opposed to the study of law from within the social sciences and humanities). Burk joins a small but growing group of legal scholars, reaching beyond legal doctrinal analysis and the economic analysis of law to explain intellectual property law as a social practice. The interventions he begins and this essay explains in further depth reframe the understanding or analysis of intellectual property (1) from individuals to institutions, (2) from causation to explanation and (3) in the context of the domestication of IP in contemporary social and political culture. In this way, Burk's Article and this essay demonstrate how law (not only intellectual property or patent law) is a social practice both reflecting and forming social structures, the understanding of which requires attention to organization and culture as much or more than statutes, cases, administrative filings, and economic theory.

scholarly journals Privately public seeds: competing visions of property, personhood, and democracy in Costa Rica's entry into CAFTA and the Union for Plant Variety Protection (UPOV)

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guntra A. Aistara
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Public Domain ◽  
Plant Variety Protection ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
Variety Protection

Costa Rica's entry into the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) was hotly contested and the subject of a national referendum. For activists opposing the treaty, questions of 'privatizing seeds' through imposing intellectual property rights were among the main concerns raised by the treaty, as one requirement of CAFTA was signing the international Convention on Plant Variety Protection known as UPOV. The threat to farmers' seeds in Costa Rica and many other parts of the world is more complicated than being a clear-cut issue of privatization. Struggles for control over seeds are a crucial part of the political economy of agriculture that are grounded in debates over the significance of the physical and social properties of seeds as a natural resource. This article explores how debates over intellectual property rights to seeds confound simple distinctions between public domain and private property, and the implications for agricultural genetic diversity. Moreover, through the story of Costa Rica's engagement with CAFTA and UPOV, I contemplate the broader effects of the free trade paradigm on reconfiguring ideas not only of property but also of personhood and democracy. I will argue that through reconfiguring the boundary between the public domain and private property in the realm of seeds, recent intellectual property trends also reinscribe the definition of farmers along pre-defined class lines. Through their actions, groups involved offer competing visions of how a local resource should be defined and internationally connected; these visions can be understood as competing visions of political ecology in practice.Keywords: Costa Rica, CAFTA, UPOV, intellectual property, seeds

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