Mortgage collateralized by mortgage – a transfer or a limited property right?

Mortgage on a mortgage claim as a pledge right encumbering a relative right, contains many similarities to assignment of a mortgage claim. Consequently, it is often wrongly identified with a transitive acquisition, which influences the misdefinition of its essence, construction and the scope of powers of the subject to which it is granted. As a result of the creation of a mortgage on a mortgage claim, there is a constitutional acquisition. Despite the loss of certain rights and their transfer to the subintabulated creditor, its creation is equivalent to the creation of a new limited property right. It does not affect the deprivation of legal existence of both the obligation from which the encumbered claim is derived and the mortgage securing it.

Legal Confıscatıon as a Property Rıght Issue in Turkey

Zoning plans are drawn and written texts prepared as a result of planning activities according to the characteristics of the region in order to meet the social, cultural, human and economic needs of a settlement and to show a safer and more regular development of the place. The property rights of individuals can be restricted by means of the plans prepared by the administration to create livable, orderly and modern living spaces. While the zoning plans are being prepared, the immovables allocated for public services should first be selected from public lands and if these immovables are not sufficient for the places to be allocated to the public service areas, the immovables subject to private property should be allocated to the public service and these areas should be expropriated by the administrations to be allocated on their behalf. The Zoning Law No. 3194 in Turkey is the basic regulation of the zoning law. In the Zoning Law, there is a regulation that the parcels allocated to public services in the zoning plans will be expropriated within five years. However, if the expropriation of the immovables is not completed within the time specified in the legal regulation, the owner who is deprived of his right to dispose of the immovable, is unfairly burdened with a heavy burden. The concept of "legal confiscation" emerges when the property right of the owner of the immovable is restricted for many years only by allocating privately owned immovables to public space in the zoning plans without any actual intervention by the administration. Since the administrations responsible for expropriation mostly avoid this obligation, the procedures established by the administration for planning constitute a disproportionate and unfair intervention in the property rights of the immovable owners. In this study, the definition of the concept of legal confiscation in Turkey, its elements, the remedies for ending the interference with the right to property will be explained, the procedures and principles to be considered during the judgement will be explained by giving examples from the judicial case-law and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, and solution proposals will be presented.Keywords: Legal Confiscation; Construction Plan; Property; Contravention Tuntutan Hukum sebagai Permasalah Hak Properti di Turki Abstrak.Undang-undang Zonasi No. 3194 di Turki adalah peraturan dasar dari undang-undang zonasi. Dalam UU Zonasi, ada aturan bahwa persil yang dialokasikan untuk layanan publik dalam rencana zonasi akan diambil alih dalam waktu lima tahun. Akan tetapi, jika pengambilalihan barang-barang tidak bergerak itu tidak selesai dalam waktu yang ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, maka pemilik yang dirampas haknya untuk membuang barang-barang tidak bergerak itu, dibebani secara tidak adil dengan beban yang berat. Konsep "sita hukum" muncul ketika hak milik pemilik barang tidak bergerak dibatasi selama bertahun-tahun hanya dengan mengalokasikan barang-barang milik pribadi ke ruang publik dalam rencana zonasi tanpa intervensi nyata dari pemerintah. Karena sebagian besar administrasi yang bertanggung jawab atas pengambilalihan menghindari kewajiban ini, prosedur yang ditetapkan oleh administrasi untuk perencanaan merupakan intervensi yang tidak proporsional dan tidak adil dalam hak milik pemilik tak bergerak. Dalam penelitian ini akan dijelaskan pengertian dari konsep sita hukum di Turki, unsur-unsurnya, upaya penyelesaian untuk mengakhiri campur tangan terhadap hak milik akan dijelaskan, prosedur dan prinsip-prinsip yang harus dipertimbangkan selama penilaian akan dijelaskan dengan memberikan contoh-contoh dari kasus hukum peradilan dan keputusan Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa, dan proposal solusi akan disajikan.Kata Kunci: Penyitaan Hukum; Rencana Pembangunan; Properti; Kontravensi Юридическая конфискация как проблема права собственности в Турции Абстрактный.Закон о зонировании № 3194 в Турции является основным постановлением закона о зонировании. В Законе о зонировании есть положение, согласно которому участки, выделенные для общественных услуг в планах зонирования, будут экспроприированы в течение пяти лет. Однако, если отчуждение недвижимой вещи не завершено в сроки, указанные в правовом регулировании, на собственника, лишенного права распоряжаться недвижимой вещью, несправедливо возлагается тяжелое бремя. Понятие «юридическая конфискация» возникает, когда право собственности владельца недвижимой вещи ограничивается в течение многих лет только путем отнесения частной недвижимой собственности к общественным местам в планах зонирования без какого-либо фактического вмешательства со стороны администрации. Поскольку администрации, ответственные за экспроприацию, в большинстве случаев избегают этого обязательства, процедуры, установленные администрацией для планирования, представляют собой несоразмерное и несправедливое вмешательство в имущественные права владельцев недвижимого имущества. В этом исследовании будет объяснено определение концепции правовой конфискации в Турции, ее элементы, средства правовой защиты для прекращения вмешательства в право собственности, а также будут объяснены процедуры и принципы, которые должны быть рассмотрены в ходе судебного решения, с помощью примеров из будет представлена судебная практика и решения Европейского суда по правам человека, а также предложения по их решениям.Ключевые слова: Конфискация; План Строительства; Собственность; Правонарушение

Selection achievement in animal husbandry as an object of intellectual property rights and international experience in its protection

Intellectual property rights are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A patent for an animal breed is the exclusive right of the inventor to his selection achievement, it is a legal monopoly provided by the state, and patent protection prevents commercial use without the consent of its owner. Today's challenges are directly related to food security. The practical application of breeding achievements in animal husbandry, in particular, is the genetic improvement of animals from the «economic side», which directly affects the level of investment and rewards for breeders, and thus the need for effective legal protection of intellectual property rights. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts regulating the procedure for obtaining legal protection of selection achievements in animal husbandry, the article examines problematic positions and suggests ways to resolve conflicts in the legal regulation of these issues. The methods of our study were chosen taking into account the purpose and objectives of the study. The study used philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods of scientific knowledge. Keywords: object of intellectual property right, selection achievement, selection achievement in animal husbandry, protection of intellectual property right

THE MATRIX OF LAND TENURE PROPERTY RIGHT FOR WATER SETTLEMENT AREA

The Land Tenure Property Right (LTPR) concept is critical for establishing ownership and rights to land or property. Land is inextricably linked to a community's social identities, and it is critical for them to understand their rights. Water settlement areas are not included in the formal LTPR, which results in ambiguous rights, informal land tenure, and ambiguity regarding certain LTPR elements. As a result, this article will discuss the difficulties associated with LTPR in this area. The article employs a qualitative approach, with data collected via face-to-face interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. Three case studies are included, in which all of the villages are located in a water settlement area. Six challenges are identified in the context of LTPR that require revision and strengthening. By combining the general LTPR framework and the results, a Matrix of LTPR that meets the criteria in the water settlement area is produced.

Problems of the intellectual property richgs protection in the media

The paper examines the main types of intellectual property rights, which might be violated in the media space (Internet, radio, TV, press). In today's world, the media has long been a major source of information. As the amount of information in the media increases, so does the amount of intellectual property involved. The most fundamental form of intellectual property protection technology is the control of access to information (ie determining whether the requester is allowed access to information). However, the existing access control offers only part of what is needed to work with intellectual property. So, it is not always protected at the legislative level, and the context in which it is used often does not benefit the owner. The intellectual property right infringement requires deep analyzes of the current situation, exploring and offering concrete solutions for each particular kind of infringements. Thus, the aim of the work is to study, analyze and identify problems of infringement of intellectual property rights in the media space, ways to prevent and combat them. The ways of offenses prevention are widely describe in the paper. Possible infringements of intellectual property objects on the Internet, on television and radio are analyzed in the paper; the legislative basis for protection of intellectual property rights and statistics in cyber attacks in 2020 in the world are deeply analyzed. The methods of protection of intellectual property rights of various types, including, such as coding of websites, a watermark and others are ofefred. The activity plan based on process of registration of the intellectual property right and solution of problems with infringers are investigated and offered in the paper. The importance of media impact in the sphere of intellectual property is described on the example of presidential campaign in USA. Recommendations for: identifying the need to protect intellectual property, improvement of existing administrative measures for the development and protection of intellectual property are investigated in the paper and are of practical value.

The Abuse of Ownership: A Social Justice Perspective

Given that property rights are politically sensitive, and that the right of ownership is the most extensive property right, this article undertakes a political analysis of the so-called abuse of ownership doctrine as a private law limitation to the right of ownership. The notion of the abuse of rights as is defined and described by the Serbian academic, Professor Vodinelić, is explained, and examined with respect to how it fits into four different social justice theories. This analysis shows that the doctrine of abuse of rights would change in structure, and in the way it is applied, depending on the underlying value system which is adopted in a society.

Implementasi Ratifikasi Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right (Trips Agremeent) terhadap Politik Hukum di Indonesia

Penelitian Yuridis normatif ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji ratifikasi perjanjian internasional terkait Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HAKI) apakah sudah sesuai dengan kondisi politik hukum di Indonesia. HAKI merupakan hak ekslusif yang tumbuh dari hasil olah pikir rasio manusia yang diekspresikan kepada khalayak umum dalam berbagai bentuk barang dan jasa, yang mengandung manfaat dan berguna dalam menunjang kebutuhan hidup umat manusia, serta mempunyai nilai ekonomi dan nilai moral. Indonesia adalah negara yang menandatangani kesepakatan terhadap pembentukan organisasi perdagangan dunia (World Trade Organization). Perjanjian yang ditandatangai oleh Indonesia yang terkait dengan aspek perdagangan internasional yang berhubungan dengan HAKI adalah Agreement on Trade Related Aspect Of Intellectual Property Right (Trips Agreement), yang telah diratifikasi oleh Pemerintah Indonesia ke dalam Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia). Penelitian menemukan fakta bahwa ratifikasi perjanjian internasional ini menimbulkan dampak yang dapat mempengaruhi iklim politik hukum di Indonesia. Seharusnya kesepakatan dalam ratifikasi TRIPs Agreement ke dalam hukum nasional disesuaikan dengan politik hukum bangsa Indonesia, sehingga implementasi ratifikasi perjanjian internasional HAKI terhadap politik hukum di Indonesia berjalan dalam koridor yang sesuai.