scholarly journals Central Banks Digital Currencies: World Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
D. Kochergin
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Bank Of Canada ◽  
Bank Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Central Bank Money ◽  
National Currencies ◽  
Bank Money ◽  
Retail Payments

Received 28.07.2020. The article examines issues related to the introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) for retail payments and wholesale settlements. The study defines and classifies central bank digital currencies, researches the main models of CBDC systems. The article also analyzes the features of various national projects for issuing Central bank digital currencies. The paper uses methods of economic-statistical and functional-structural analysis. The study concludes that CBDC are a new form of central bank money. Digital currencies can be issued in various issuing systems for the purpose of retail payments or wholesale settlements. Among the models of CBDC systems for retail payments (R-CBDC) the direct system model is the most attractive for its simplicity. This model eliminates the dependence of the Central bank on any financial and payment intermediaries. Models of synthetic and hybrid R-CBDC systems are characterized by reliability and speed in processing multiple transactions which makes them the most promising for implementation. Among the models of CBDC systems for wholesale payments (W-CBDC) the model of the system with a universal digital currency (U-W-CBDC) may be the most suitable for eliminating the main disadvantages of modern cross-border payment systems. However, a large number of technological and financial changes as well as the high operating costs of the U-W-CBDC can make such systems difficult to implement for non-developed financial market infrastructure countries. National financial regulators have different motivations for issuing digital currencies. The main advantages of digital currencies for retail payments may consist in providing users with highly liquid, low-risk, universally available means of payment. The main advantages of wholesale digital currencies are that they offer faster, safer, cheaper cross-border payments. The most advanced projects for issuing R-CBDC can be considered DCEP (People’s Bank of China) E-krona (Central Bank of Sweden). The most successful pilot projects for issuing W-CBDC are the projects Jasper (Central Bank of Canada) and Ubin (Monetary Authority of Singapore), which were able to achieve interoperability in conducting cross-border payments. Currently most CBDC are retail based on the use of distributed ledger technology and implemented in the form of DLT-tokens. Countries that develop digital currency systems can be divided into three groups. The first group is countries where the introduction of CBDC can be designed to support the national demand for central bank money (Sweden, Norway, Singapore, etc.). The second group – countries for which the adoption of digital currencies can afford to keep the place of national currencies in international settlements (USA and EU) or expanding the use of national currencies at the international level (China). The third group represents countries for which the introduction of digital currencies may be associated with the control of national monetary circulation and de-dollarization of the financial system (Uruguay, South Africa, Cambodia, etc.).

scholarly journals Modern models of systems of central bank digital currency

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-240
Author(s):  
Dmitry Kochergin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Bank Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Economic Interpretation ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
National Implementation ◽  
Retail Payments

The article examines modern models of digital currency systems of central banks (CBDC) for retail payments and wholesale settlements. The study gives economic interpretation and defines the key characteristics of central bank digital currencies, identifies the features of the main models of digital currencies systems and analyzes the most advanced national implementation projects of CBDC. The study concludes that the digital currencies of central banks are a new (digital) form of fiat money. The implementation of digital currencies of central banks is due to the need to improve the efficiency of the monetary and payment systems and is aimed at preserving of the central banks as a monetary issuer. The main advantages of digital currencies for retail payments are the offer of a highly liquid, low-risk and universally accessible means of payment. The key benefits of wholesale digital currencies are to provide faster, safer, and cheaper cross-border payments. Among the models of digital currencies systems for retail payments (R-CBDC) the model of hybrid system is characterized by the best reliability and speed when processing a large number of payment transactions. Therefore, these systems are the most promising for implementation. Between the models of systems for wholesale payments (W-CBDC) systems with a universal digital currency are the most suitable for eliminating the main problems of cross-border payments. However, the implementation of such systems may require a large number of technological, managerial and financial changes in the payment systems of central banks. Currently, the most advanced project for issuing R-CBDC is the DCEP system of the People’s Bank of China, which is implemented on the basis of a hybrid model. W-CBDC projects are implemented jointly by the central banks of the leading countries, as they require financial and technological unification of settlements. Most projects of W-CBDC involve the use of systems with a convertible or universal digital currency.

Warum sollte ein Unternehmen eine Bank gründen?

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Lukas Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Central Bank Money ◽  
Bank Accounts ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Bank Money

Abstract Im heutigen Euro-Geldsystem nehmen Banken eine von Nicht-Banken und der Zentralbank abgrenzbare Rolle ein. Durch Gründung einer Unternehmensbank können Nicht-Bank-Unternehmen ebenfalls eine Bankenrolle einnehmen. Hierfür sprechen aufgrund der Struktur des Geldsystems drei wirtschaftliche Gründe: (1.) Die Fähigkeit, aktiv Giralgeld zu schöpfen, (2.) der direkte Zugang zu Zentralbankkonten und deren Zahlungssystemen und (3.) der Zugriff auf zusätzliche Refi nanzierungsquellen in sicherem, unbarem Zentralbankgeld. Hierdurch können unterschiedlichste unternehmerische Aktivitäten unterstützt werden, wobei die Absatzfinanzierung durch Giralgeldschöpfung hohe Relevanz hat. Dies bezeugt die Praxis vorhandener Unternehmensbanken, wie bei der jungen Trumpf Bank des mittelständischen Maschinenbauers. In today‘s Euro monetary system banks are distinguishable from non-banks and the central bank. By founding a corporate bank, companies can also act as a bank. For this, three economic reasons can be extracted based on the structure of today’s monetary system: (1.) The ability to actively create deposit money, (2.) direct access to central bank accounts and payment systems and (3.) access to additional refinancing sources in safe, digital central bank money. Keywords: zentralbank, refinanzierungsquellen, giralgeld, geldschöpfer

Central bank digital currency: the future of institutional changes in the banking sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Volodymyr MISHCHENKO ◽  
◽  
Svitlana NAUMENKOVA ◽  
Svitlana MISHCHENKO ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Bank Supervision ◽  
Bank Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Financial Monitoring ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence and features of the introduction of digital currency of central banks and their impact on the conditions of monetary policy, financial stability, as well as institutional transformations in the development of national banking systems. The study is based on an analysis of projects of issuance and use of digital currencies of the ECB and central banks of leading countries, as well as the results of pilot projects of the National Bank of China on the use of the digital yuan and NBU on the e-hryvnia circulation. It is proved that digital currency of the central bank should be considered as a new dematerialized form of national currency in addition to cash and non-cash forms. Particular attention is paid to the study of the impact of the use of digital currency by central banks on the main parameters of economic policy. The main directions of potential influence of digital currency use on transformation of mechanisms of realization of monetary, budgetary and tax, macroprudential policy, maintenance of financial stability, activization of action of channels of the monetary transmission mechanism, and also on reforming of system of the state financial monitoring and bank supervision are substantiated. It is determined that one of the consequences of the use of digital currency will be the ability to ensure full control over all monetary transactions, which will help reduce the shadow economy and corruption. Structural and logical schemes of centralized and decentralized models of issuance and circulation of digital currency of central bank have been developed, directions of changes in the structure and functions of commercial and central banks, as well as in the structure of the financial and credit system in general have been substantiated.

scholarly journals Stablecoins and Central Bank Digital Currencies: Policy and Regulatory Challenges

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Barry Eichengreen ◽  
Ganesh Viswanath-Natraj
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Futures Market ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

Abstract Stablecoins and central bank digital currencies are on the horizon in Asia, and in some cases have already arrived. This paper provides new analysis and a critique of the use case for both forms of digital currency. It provides time-varying estimates of devaluation risk for the leading stablecoin, Tether, using data from the futures market. It describes the formidable obstacles to widespread use of central bank digital currencies in cross-border transactions, the context in which their utility is arguably greatest. The bottom line is that significant uncertainties continue to dog the region's digital currency initiatives.

scholarly journals Rethinking Monetary Sovereignty: The Global Credit Money System and the State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens van 't Klooster ◽  
Steffen Murau
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Globalization ◽  
Shadow Banks ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Central Bank Money ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Bank Money

This article proposes a conception of monetary sovereignty that recognizes the reality of today’s global credit money system. Monetary sovereignty is typically used in a Westphalian sense to denote the ability of states to issue and regulate their own currency. This article rejects the Westphalian conception. Instead, it proposes a conception of effective monetary sovereignty that focuses attention on what states are actually able to do in the era of financial globalization. The conception fits the hybridity of the modern credit money system by acknowledging the crucial role not only of central bank money but also of money issued by regulated banks and unregulated shadow banks. These institutions often operate ‘offshore’, outside of a state’s legal jurisdiction, which makes monetary governance more difficult. Monetary sovereignty consists in the ability of states to effectively govern these different segments of the monetary system and thereby achieve their economic policy objectives.

scholarly journals Digitalization of the National Currency: World and Domestic Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
A.V. Ivanushenko ◽  
◽  
E.A. Plyusnina ◽  
A.A. Iatsyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
National Currency ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
National Currencies ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
High Level

The article examines the theoretical aspects of the concept of «digital currency» are studied, the main differences between digital currency and cryptocurrency are indicated. The concept of the digital national currency of the People's Republic of China, the digital yuan, has been predicted and the results of the ongoing digitalization have been identified, which in the future, if the digital yuan project is successfully implemented, will lead to the abandonment of cash. The theoretical aspects of the concept of «digital ruble» are studied, the main differences between the existing forms of money in the Russian economy are outlined: cash, non-cash money and digital money. Based on the study of the re-port presented by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, potential options for the technical implementation of digital currency within the existing monetary system were identified, and their characteristics were also presented. An assessment of the expected result of the implementation of the concept of the digital ruble is given: the potential ad-vantages and risks of the digital ruble are identified and their comprehensive analysis is carried out. It is concluded that the process of digitalization of national currencies is relevant for the world community, being an indicator of the high level of development of the country's economy. The result of the analysis of the digital ruble project presented in the report of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is the conclusion about the ambiguity of its implementation at the current level of economic development of our country.

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