scholarly journals Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyong Fu ◽  
Zitao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Heat Reservoir ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Single Temperature ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
Static Uniform Magnetic Field

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single-temperature heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effects. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We have a video on you tube showing the main measuring process of the experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyrtC2nQ_UU.

scholarly journals Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyong Fu ◽  
Zitao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Reservoir ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Static Uniform Magnetic Field

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effect. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We have a video on you tube showing the main measuring process of the experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyrtC2nQ_UU.

scholarly journals Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyong Fu ◽  
Zitao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Reservoir ◽  
Static Uniform Magnetic Field

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing any other effect. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyong Fu ◽  
Zitao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Reservoir ◽  
Static Uniform Magnetic Field

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effect. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

scholarly journals Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyong Fu ◽  
Zitao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Reservoir ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
The One ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Static Uniform Magnetic Field

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, A and B, with a work function 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are controlled by a static uniform magnetic field (a magnetic demon), and the number of electrons migrate from A to B exceeds the one from B to A (or vice versa). The net migration from A to B quickly results in a charge distribution, with A charged positively and B negatively. A potential difference between A and B emerges, and the tube outputs an electric current and a power to a load (a resistance, e.g.). The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effects. We believe the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law.

scholarly journals Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyong Fu ◽  
Zitao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Reservoir ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
The One ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Static Uniform Magnetic Field

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, A and B, with a work function of 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are controlled by a static uniform magnetic field (a magnetic demon), and the number of electrons migrate from A to B exceeds the one from B to A, (or vice versa). The net migration from A to B quickly results in a charge distribution: A charged positively and B negatively. A potential difference between A and B emerges, and the tube outputs ceaselessly an electric current and a power to a resistance (a load) and cools itself slightly. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effect. We believe the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law.

scholarly journals Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis An Experiment of Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyong Fu ◽  
Zitao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Output Current ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Continuous Output ◽  
The One ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Static Uniform Magnetic Field

In a vacuum tube two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs emitters A and B (work function 0.8eV) ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are controlled by a static uniform magnetic field so that the number of electrons migrate from A to B exceeds the one from B to A (or vice versa). The net migration of thermal electrons from A to B quickly results in a charge distribution of A charged positively and B negatively, and a potential difference between A and B emerges, enabling a continuous output current and a stable power to an external load (e.g., a resistor). Thus, the tube cools down (slightly). The (slightly) cooled tube extracts heat from ambient air, and all the heat is converted into electric energy without other effect. We believe the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law.

Investigation of Plasma Treatment Conditions for Wafer-Scale Room-Temperature Bonding Using Ultrathin Au Films in Ambient Air

2019 ◽  
Vol 139 (7) ◽  
pp. 217-218
Author(s):  
Michitaka Yamamoto ◽  
Takashi Matsumae ◽  
Yuichi Kurashima ◽  
Hideki Takagi ◽  
Tadatomo Suga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Wafer Scale ◽  
Treatment Conditions

Modeling of room-temperature heat pipe startup from the frozen state

10.2514/3.875 ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
S. Rao ◽  
E. L. Mulkay ◽  
J. M. Ochterbeck
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
Frozen State

Visible-light-initiated Catalyst-free Oxidative Cleavage of Triaryl-Substituted Alkenes C=C Bonds under Ambient Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Li ◽  
Shun Li ◽  
Lihua Luo ◽  
Yichen Ge ◽  
Jiaqi Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oxidative Cleavage ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Blue Led ◽  
Catalyst Free

The catalyst-free oxidative cleavage of (Z)-triaryl-substituted alkenes bearing pyridyl motif with ambient air under irradiation of blue LED at room temperature has been developed. The reaction was facile and scalable,...

scholarly journals Room-Temperature Solution-Processed 0D/1D Bilayer Electrodes for Translucent CsPbBr3 Perovskite Photovoltaics

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Parida ◽  
Saemon Yoon ◽  
Dong-Won Kang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Plasma Damage ◽  
Temperature Solution ◽  
Ito Nanoparticles

Materials and processing of transparent electrodes (TEs) are key factors to creating high-performance translucent perovskite solar cells. To date, sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) has been a general option for a rear TE of translucent solar cells. However, it requires a rather high cost due to vacuum process and also typically causes plasma damage to the underlying layer. Therefore, we introduced TE based on ITO nanoparticles (ITO-NPs) by solution processing in ambient air without any heat treatment. As it reveals insufficient conductivity, Ag nanowires (Ag-NWs) are additionally coated. The ITO-NPs/Ag-NW (0D/1D) bilayer TE exhibits a better figure of merit than sputtered ITO. After constructing CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells, the device with 0D/1D TE offers similar average visible transmission with the cells with sputtered ITO. More interestingly, the power conversion efficiency of 0D/1D TE device was 5.64%, which outperforms the cell (4.14%) made with sputtered-ITO. These impressive findings could open up a new pathway for the development of low-cost, translucent solar cells with quick processing under ambient air at room temperature.

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