Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis An Experiment of Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

In a vacuum tube two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs emitters A and B (work function 0.8eV) ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are controlled by a static uniform magnetic field so that the number of electrons migrate from A to B exceeds the one from B to A (or vice versa). The net migration of thermal electrons from A to B quickly results in a charge distribution of A charged positively and B negatively, and a potential difference between A and B emerges, enabling a continuous output current and a stable power to an external load (e.g., a resistor). Thus, the tube cools down (slightly). The (slightly) cooled tube extracts heat from ambient air, and all the heat is converted into electric energy without other effect. We believe the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law.

Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v5 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyong Fu ◽

Zitao Fu

Keyword(s):

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Second Law ◽

Heat Reservoir ◽

Net Migration ◽

The One ◽

A Charge ◽

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, A and B, with a work function 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are controlled by a static uniform magnetic field (a magnetic demon), and the number of electrons migrate from A to B exceeds the one from B to A (or vice versa). The net migration from A to B quickly results in a charge distribution, with A charged positively and B negatively. A potential difference between A and B emerges, and the tube outputs an electric current and a power to a load (a resistance, e.g.). The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effects. We believe the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law.

Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v6 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyong Fu ◽

Zitao Fu

Keyword(s):

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Second Law ◽

Heat Reservoir ◽

Net Migration ◽

The One ◽

A Charge ◽

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, A and B, with a work function of 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are controlled by a static uniform magnetic field (a magnetic demon), and the number of electrons migrate from A to B exceeds the one from B to A, (or vice versa). The net migration from A to B quickly results in a charge distribution: A charged positively and B negatively. A potential difference between A and B emerges, and the tube outputs ceaselessly an electric current and a power to a resistance (a load) and cools itself slightly. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effect. We believe the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law.

Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v1 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyong Fu ◽

Zitao Fu

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Ambient Air ◽

The Other ◽

Second Law ◽

Heat Reservoir ◽

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing any other effect. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v2 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyong Fu ◽

Zitao Fu

Keyword(s):

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Ambient Air ◽

The Other ◽

Second Law ◽

Heat Reservoir ◽

Measuring Process ◽

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effect. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We have a video on you tube showing the main measuring process of the experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyrtC2nQ_UU.

Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v3 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyong Fu ◽

Zitao Fu

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Ambient Air ◽

The Other ◽

Second Law ◽

Heat Reservoir ◽

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effect. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement

10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v4 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyong Fu ◽

Zitao Fu

Keyword(s):

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Heat Reservoir ◽

Measuring Process ◽

Single Temperature ◽

Temperature Heat ◽

In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single-temperature heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing other effects. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We have a video on you tube showing the main measuring process of the experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyrtC2nQ_UU.

KINETIC EQUATION FOR A HOMOGENEOUS PLASMA IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p64-184 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (10) ◽

pp. 1969-2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

M. J. Haggerty ◽

L. G. De Sobrino

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Kinetic Equation ◽

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Single Species ◽

Field Approximation ◽

Stationary Solutions ◽

Equilibrium Distributions ◽

H Theorem ◽

The One ◽

The theory of Prigogine and Balescu has been applied to a homogeneous single-species plasma in a static uniform magnetic field. A kinetic equation has been obtained for the one-particle velocity distribution, which is assumed initially isotropic in directions perpendicular to the field. The only stationary solutions of the kinetic equation are the Maxwellian equilibrium distributions, and an H theorem has been established. The neglect of "collisions" of the order of duration of one cyclotron period or less (a strong magnetic-field approximation) modifies the kinetic equation so that it no longer predicts any relaxation of the velocity components parallel to the magnetic field. The assumptions and approximations of the theory are stated, and are discussed in some detail.

Onsager's Relation and Other Results for Relativistic Electrons in Magnetic Fields

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1990-0702 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 847-850

Author(s):

A. Holas ◽

S. Olszewski ◽

D. Pftrsch

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Uniform Magnetic Field ◽

Correspondence Principle ◽

Relativistic Equation ◽

Relativistic Electrons ◽

Expectation Values ◽

Relativistic Case ◽

Expectation Value ◽

The One ◽

AbstractOnsager's result concerning the quantization of the magnetic flux enclosed by the orbit of an electron moving in a static uniform magnetic field is shown to hold also in the relativistic case, and not to be restricted to the regime considered by Onsager in which the correspondence principle can be applied. The results obtained via the correspondence principle and via expectation values differ, however, in the deails. It is shown also that the eigenenergies and eigenfunctions of Dirac's relativistic equation for an electron in a static non-uniform and arbitrarily strong magnetic field may be obtained directly from the solutions of Schrödinger's non-relativistic equation. In this case the expectation value of an observable depending on coordinates only equals the one calculated directly with the non-relativistic eigenfunctions.

Investigation of Plasma Treatment Conditions for Wafer-Scale Room-Temperature Bonding Using Ultrathin Au Films in Ambient Air

IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines ◽

10.1541/ieejsmas.139.217 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 139 (7) ◽

pp. 217-218

Author(s):

Michitaka Yamamoto ◽

Takashi Matsumae ◽

Yuichi Kurashima ◽

Hideki Takagi ◽

Tadatomo Suga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Treatment ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Wafer Scale ◽

Treatment Conditions

A Series of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Selective CO2 Capture and Catalytic Oxidative Carboxylation of Olefins

10.26434/chemrxiv.7068509 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Huong T. D. Nguyen ◽

Y B. N. Tran ◽

Hung N. Nguyen ◽

Tranh C. Nguyen ◽

Felipe Gándara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Gas Adsorption ◽

New Materials ◽

One Pot ◽

Acid Gas ◽

Naphthalene Diimide ◽

Styrene Carbonate ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Adsorption Of Co ◽

The One

Three novel lanthanide metal˗organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs), namely MOF-590, -591, and -592 were constructed from a naphthalene diimide tetracarboxylic acid. Gas adsorption measurements of MOF-591 and -592 revealed good adsorption of CO2 (low pressure, at room temperature) and moderate CO2 selectivity over N2 and CH4. Accordingly, breakthrough measurements were performed on a representative MOF-592, in which the separation of CO2 from binary mixture containing N2 and CO2 was demonstrated without any loss in performance over three consecutive cycles. Moreover, MOF-590, MOF-591, and MOF-592 exhibited catalytic activity in the one-pot synthesis of styrene carbonate from styrene and CO2 under mild conditions (1 atm CO2, 80 °C, and solvent-free). Among the new materials, MOF-590 revealed a remarkable efficiency with exceptional conversion (96%), selectivity (95%), and yield (91%).