scholarly journals Exponentials and Logarithms Properties in an Extended Complex Number Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tischhauser
Keyword(s):  
Number Field ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Properties ◽  
Extended Complex ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Complex Number Field

In this study we demonstrate the complex logarithm and exponential multivalued results and identity failures are not induced by the exponentiation and logarithm operations, but are solely induced by the definition of complex numbers and exponentiation as in C. We propose a new definition of the complex number set, in which the issues related to the identity failures and the multivalued results resolve. Furthermore the exponentiation is no longer defined by the logarithm, instead the complex logarithm formula can be deduced from the exponentiation. There is a cost as some algebraic properties of the addition and substraction will be diminished, though remaining valid to a certain extent. Finally we attempt a geometric and algebraic formalization of the new complex numbers set. It will appear clearly the new complex numbers system is a natural and harmonious complement to the C field.

scholarly journals Exponentials and Logarithms Properties in an Extended Complex Number Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tischhauser
Keyword(s):  
Number Field ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Properties ◽  
Extended Complex ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Complex Number Field

In this study we demonstrate the complex logarithm and exponential multivalued results and identity failures are not induced by the exponentiation and logarithm operations, but are solely induced by the definition of complex numbers and exponentiation as in C. We propose a new definition of the complex number set, in which the issues related to the identity failures and the multivalued results resolve. Furthermore the exponentiation is no longer defined by the logarithm, instead the complex logarithm formula can be deduced from the exponentiation. There is a cost as some algebraic properties of the addition and substraction will be diminished, though remaining valid to a certain extent. Finally we attempt a geometric and algebraic formalization of the new complex numbers set. It will appear clearly the new complex numbers system is a natural and harmonious complement to the C field.

scholarly journals Exponentials and Logarithms Properties in an Extended Complex Number Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tischhauser
Keyword(s):  
Complex Number ◽  
Number System ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Binary Operations ◽  
Algebraic Properties ◽  
Extended Complex ◽  
Multivalued Functions ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Complex Exponential ◽  
Complex Number Field

It is well established the complex exponential and logarithm are multivalued functions, both failing to maintain most identities originally valid over the positive integers domain. Moreover the general case of complex logarithm, with a complex base, is hardly mentionned in mathematic litterature. We study the exponentiation and logarithm as binary operations where all operands are complex. In a redefined complex number system using an extension of the C field, hereafter named E, we prove both operations always produce single value results and maintain the validity of identities such as logu (w v) = logu (w) + logu (v) where u, v, w in E. There is a cost as some algebraic properties of the addition and subtraction will be diminished, though remaining valid to a certain extent. In order to handle formulas in a C and E dual number system, we introduce the notion of set precision and set truncation. We show complex numbers as defined in C are insufficiently precise to grasp all subtleties of some complex operations, as a result multivaluation, identity failures and, in specific cases, wrong results are obtained when computing exclusively in C. A geometric representation of the new complex number system is proposed, in which the complex plane appears as an orthogonal projection, and where the complex logarithm an exponentiation can be simply represented. Finally we attempt an algebraic formalization of E.

scholarly journals Exponentials and Logarithms Properties in an Extended Complex Number Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Tischhauser
Keyword(s):  
Complex Number ◽  
Number System ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Binary Operations ◽  
Algebraic Properties ◽  
Extended Complex ◽  
Multivalued Functions ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Complex Exponential ◽  
Complex Number Field

It is well established the complex exponential and logarithm are multivalued functions, both failing to maintain most identities originally valid over the positive integers domain. Moreover the general case of complex logarithm, with a complex base, is hardly mentionned in mathematic litterature. We study the exponentiation and logarithm as binary operations where all operands are complex. In a redefined complex number system using an extension of the C field, hereafter named E, we proove both operations always produce single value results and maintain the validity of identities such as logu (w v) = logu (w) + logu (v) where u, v, w in E. There is a cost as some algebraic properties of the addition and subtraction will be diminished, though remaining valid to a certain extent. In order to handle formulas in a C and E dual number system, we introduce the notion of set precision and set truncation. We show complex numbers as defined in C are insufficiently precise to grasp all subtleties of some complex operations, as a result multivaluation, identity failures and, in specific cases, wrong results are obtained when computing exclusively in C. A geometric representation of the new complex number system is proposed, in which the complex plane appears as an orthogonal projection, and where the complex logarithm an exponentiation can be simply represented. Finally we attempt an algebraic formalization of E.

FRACTAL SETS IN THE FIELD OF p-ADIC ANALOGUE OF THE COMPLEX NUMBERS

Fractals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950053 ◽  
Author(s):  
YIN LI ◽  
HUA QIU
Keyword(s):  
Number Field ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Geometric Structure ◽  
Classical Case ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Fractal Sets ◽  
Fractal Measures ◽  
Complex Number Field ◽  
Adic Case

The [Formula: see text]-adic number field [Formula: see text] and the [Formula: see text]-adic analogue of the complex number field [Formula: see text] have a rich algebraic and geometric structure that in some ways rivals that of the corresponding objects for the real or complex fields. In this paper, we attempt to find and understand geometric structures of general sets in a [Formula: see text]-adic setting. Several kinds of fractal measures and dimensions of sets in [Formula: see text] are studied. Some typical fractal sets are constructed. It is worthwhile to note that there exist some essential differences between [Formula: see text]-adic case and classical case.

scholarly journals Type II degenerations of K3 surfaces

1985 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 11-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeyuki Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Number Field ◽  
Complex Manifold ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
K3 Surfaces ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Holomorphic Map ◽  
Canonical Class ◽  
Proper Holomorphic Map ◽  
Complex Number Field

A degeneration of K3 surfaces (over the complex number field) is a proper holomorphic map π: X→Δ from a three dimensional complex manifold to a disc, such that, for t ≠ 0, the fibres Xt = π-1(t) are smooth K3 surfaces (i.e. surfaces Xt with trivial canonical class KXt = 0 and dim H1(Xt, Oxt) = 0).

On the Nonemptiness of the Adjoint Linear System of Polarized Manifolds

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Fukuma
Keyword(s):  
Linear System ◽  
Number Field ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Complex Number Field

AbstractLet (X, L) be a polarized manifold over the complex number field with dim X = n. In this paper, we consider a conjecture of M. C. Beltrametti and A. J. Sommese and we obtain that this conjecture is true if n = 3 and h0(L) ≥ 2, or dim Bs |L| ≤ 0 for any n ≥ 3. Moreover we can generalize the result of Sommese.

Phased Bessel functions

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
X Hu ◽  
H Wang ◽  
D -S Guo
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Number Field ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Bessel Functions ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Photon State ◽  
Analytical Extension ◽  
Complex Number Field ◽  
Real Number Field

In the study of photon-state transitions, we found a natural extension of the first kind of Bessel functions that extends both the range and domain of the Bessel functions from the real number field to the complex number field. We term the extended Bessel functions as phased Bessel functions. This extension is completely different from the traditional “analytical extension”. The new complex Bessel functions satisfy addition, subtraction, and recurrence theorems in a complex range and a complex domain. These theorems provide short cuts in calculations. The single-phased Bessel functions are generalized to multiple-phased Bessel functions to describe various photon-state transitions.PACS Nos.: 02.30.Gp, 32.80.Rm, 42.50.Hz

Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity bound for smooth threefolds in ℙ5 and extremal examples

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (509) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Si-Jong Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Complete Intersection ◽  
Number Field ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Smooth Surfaces ◽  
Veronese Surface ◽  
Optimal Bound ◽  
Integral Curves ◽  
Complex Number Field

Abstract Let X be a nondegenerate integral subscheme of dimension n and degree d in ℙN defined over the complex number field ℂ. X is said to be k-regular if Hi(ℙN, ℐX (k – i)) = 0 for all i ≧ 1, where ℐX is the sheaf of ideals of ℐℙN and Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity reg(X) of X is defined as the least such k. There is a well-known conjecture concerning k-regularity: reg(X) ≦ deg(X) – codim(X) + 1. This regularity conjecture including the classification of borderline examples was verified for integral curves (Castelnuovo, Gruson, Lazarsfeld and Peskine), and an optimal bound was also obtained for smooth surfaces (Pinkham, Lazarsfeld). It will be shown here that reg(X) ≦ deg(X) – 1 for smooth threefolds X in ℙ5 and that the only extremal cases are the rational cubic scroll and the complete intersection of two quadrics. Furthermore, every smooth threefold X in ℙ5 is k-normal for all k ≧ deg(X) – 4, which is the optimal bound as the Palatini 3-fold of degree 7 shows. The same bound also holds for smooth regular surfaces in ℙ4 other than for the Veronese surface.

scholarly journals Some inequalities in Pseudo-Hilbert spaces

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-492
Author(s):  
Loredana Ciurdariu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Space ◽  
Number Field ◽  
Hilbert Spaces ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Normed Linear Space ◽  
Normed Algebra ◽  
The Real ◽  
Complex Number Field

The aim of this paper is to obtain new versions of the reverse of the generalized triangle inequalities given in \cite{SSDNA}, %[4],and \cite{SSDPR} %[5] if the pair $(a_i,x_i),\;i\in\{1,\ldots,n\}$ from Theorem 1 of \cite{SSDNA} %[4] belongs to ${\mathbb C}\times\mathcal H $, where $\mathcal H$ is a Loynes $Z$-space instead of ${\mathbb K}\times X$, $X$ being a normed linear space and ${\mathbb K}$ is the field of scalars. By comparison, in \cite{SSDNA} %[4] the pair $(a_i,x_i),\;i\in\{1,\ldots,n\}$ belongs to $A^2$, where $A$ is a normed algebra over the real or complex number field ${\mathbb K}.$ The results will be given in Theorem 1, Theorem 3, Remark 2 and Corollary 3 which represent other interesting variants of Theorem 2.1, Remark 2.2, Theorem 3.2 and Theorem 3.4., see \cite{SSDNA}. %[4].

scholarly journals Approximation of Directional Step Derivative of Complex-Valued Functions Using a Generalized Quaternion System

Axioms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Ji-Eun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Series Expansion ◽  
Taylor Series ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Taylor Series Expansion ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Generalized Quaternion ◽  
Complex Valued ◽  
Complex Basis

The step derivative of a complex function can be defined with various methods. The step direction defines a basis that is distinct from that of a complex number; the derivative can then be treated by using Taylor series expansion in this direction. In this study, we define step derivatives based on complex numbers and quaternions that are orthogonal to the complex basis while simultaneously being distinct from it. Considering previous studies, the step derivative defined using quaternions was insufficient for applying the properties of quaternions by setting a quaternion basis distinct from the complex basis or setting the step direction to which only a part of the quaternion basis was applied. Therefore, in this study, we examine the definition of quaternions and define the step derivative in the direction of a generalized quaternion basis including a complex basis. We find that the step derivative based on the definition of a quaternion has a relative error in some domains; however, it can be used as a substitute derivative in specific domains.

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