Nitrate-Alkaline Pulp From Non-Wood Plants

To investigate this suitability of Black Mustard (Brassica Nigra L.) and Camelina (Camelina Sativa L.) for pulp manufacturing the nitrate-alkaline method was used. The non-wood plants were characterized by chemical analysis, especially lignin, cellulose, ash, extractives and alpha-, beta-, gamma-cellulose. The pulp was cooked in 6% nitric acid and then underwent the extraction by 5% sodium-hydroxide and neutralized by 1% acetic acid. The cooked pulp was characterized by delignification degree – Kappa number. The laboratory sheets were made from this cooked pulp and they were characterized by tensile index, breaking length, smoothness and compared with commonly available papers.

Download Full-text

Nitrate-Alkaline Pulp from Non-Wood Plants

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14133673 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3673

Author(s):

Kateřina Hájková ◽

Jiří Bouček ◽

Petr Procházka ◽

Petr Kalous ◽

Dominik Budský

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Camelina Sativa ◽

Agricultural Residues ◽

Kappa Number ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Paper Production ◽

Breaking Length ◽

Black Mustard

Because there is a lack of wood resources in many countries, this work focused on pulp and paper production from the waste and agricultural residues of non-wood plants. The work aimed to pulp the nitrate-alkaline of black mustard (Brassica Nigra L.) and camelina (Camelina Sativa L.). The black mustard and the camelina were selected due to the expanding planted areas of these crops in the Czech Republic. To characterize the chemical composition of black mustard and camelina, cellulose, lignin, ash, and extractives were determined. Raw alpha-cellulose, beta-cellulose, and gamma-cellulose were also measured. The results showed that the content of lignin in non-wood plants is lower than that in softwoods. The cooked pulp was characterized by the delignification degree–Kappa number. Additionally, handsheet papers were made for selected samples of pulp. The handsheet papers were characterized by tensile index, breaking length, and smoothness and compared with commonly available papers.

Download Full-text

Ectodesmata as Revealed By Freeze-Etch Preparations of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100072782 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 468-469

Author(s):

N.C. Lyon ◽

W. C. Mueller

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Nitric Acid ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Epidermal Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Plant Leaves ◽

Thin Sections

Schumacher and Halbsguth first demonstrated ectodesmata as pores or channels in the epidermal cell walls in haustoria of Cuscuta odorata L. by light microscopy in tissues fixed in a sublimate fixative (30% ethyl alcohol, 30 ml:glacial acetic acid, 10 ml: 65% nitric acid, 1 ml: 40% formaldehyde, 5 ml: oxalic acid, 2 g: mecuric chloride to saturation 2-3 g). Other workers have published electron micrographs of structures transversing the outer epidermal cell in thin sections of plant leaves that have been interpreted as ectodesmata. Such structures are evident following treatment with Hg++ or Ag+ salts and are only rarely observed by electron microscopy. If ectodesmata exist without such treatment, and are not artefacts, they would afford natural pathways of entry for applied foliar solutions and plant viruses.

Download Full-text

Synthesis and properties of 1,3-bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1-butene

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19802120 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 2120-2124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriel Čík ◽

Anton Blažej ◽

Kamil Antoš ◽

Igor Hrušovský

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Nitric Acid ◽

Double Bond ◽

Fuming Nitric Acid

1,3-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1-butene was prepared by nitration of 1,3-diphenyl-1-butene (I) with fuming nitric acid in acetic acid. The double bond in I was protected by addition of bromine which was eliminated after the nitration. The UV, IR and 1H- spectra of the synthesized compounds are interpreted.

Download Full-text

Nitration of Jharia basin coals, India: a study of structural modifications by XRD and FTIR techniques

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology ◽

10.1007/s40789-021-00422-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Prabal Boral ◽

Atul K. Varma ◽

Sudip Maity

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Nitric Acid ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Glacial Acetic Acid ◽

Vitrinite Reflectance ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Interlayer Spacing ◽

Acetic Acid Medium ◽

X Ray ◽

The Media

AbstractFour coal samples from Jharia basin, India are treated with nitric acid in glacial acetic acid and aqueous media to find out the chemical, petrographic and spatial structure of the organic mass by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. X-ray parameters of coal like interlayer spacing (d002), crystallite size (Lc), aroamticity (fa), average number of aromatic layers (Nc), and coal rank (I26/I20) have been determined using profile-fitting software. Considerable variation is observed in treated coals in comparison to the demineralized coals. The d002 values of treated coals have increased in both the media showing increase in disordering of organic moieties. A linear relationship has been observed between d002 values with the volatile matter of the coals. Similarly, the d002 values show linear relationship with Cdmf contents for demineralized as well as for the treated coals in both the media. The Lc and Nc values have decreased in treated coals corresponding to demineralized coals. The present study shows that nitration in both the media is capable of removing the aliphatic side chains from the coals and aromaticity (fa) increases with increase in rank and shows a linear relationship with the vitrinite reflectance. The corresponding I26/I20 values are least for treated coals in glacial acetic acid medium followed by raw and then to treated coals in aqueous medium. FTIR studies show that coal arenes of the raw coals are converted into nitro-arenes in structurally modified coals (SMCs) in both the media, the corresponding bands at 1550–1490 and 1355–1315 cm−1 respectively. FTIR study confirms that nitration is the predominant phenomenon, though, oxidation and nitration phenomena takes place simultaneously during treatment with nitric acid to form SMCs. In comparison to raw coals, the SMCs show higher aromaticity and may be easily converted to coal derived products like activated carbon and specialty carbon materials.

Download Full-text

New C-4-chiral 1,3-thiazolidine-2-thiones: excellent chiral auxiliaries for highly diastereo-controlled aldol-type reactions of acetic acid and .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated aldehydes

The Journal of Organic Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jo00362a047 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 51 (12) ◽

pp. 2391-2393 ◽

Cited By ~ 174

Author(s):

Yoshimitsu Nagao ◽

Yuichi Hagiwara ◽

Toshio Kumagai ◽

Masahito Ochiai ◽

Takehisa Inoue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Chiral Auxiliaries ◽

Unsaturated Aldehydes ◽

Alpha Beta

Download Full-text

Production of monosaccharides from poplar by a two-step hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatment

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 170 ◽

pp. 113820

Author(s):

Hong Liao ◽

Jiaxin You ◽

Peiyao Wen ◽

Wenjun Ying ◽

Qianqian Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Sodium Hydroxide

Download Full-text

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Change of the 4-Nitrobenzylthio-System into 4,4′-Diformylazoxybenzene in Alkaline Dioxane-Water Media

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1985-1109 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 40 (11) ◽

pp. 1128-1132

Author(s):

Y. Riad ◽

Adel N. Asaad ◽

G.-A. S. Gohar ◽

A. A. Abdallah

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Rate Constants ◽

Main Product ◽

Reaction Medium ◽

Aqueous Dioxane ◽

Proton Abstraction ◽

First Order ◽

Water Media ◽

Different Temperatures

Sodium hydroxide reacts with α -(4-nitrobenzylthio)-acetic acid in aqueous-dioxane media to give 4,4'-diformylazoxybenzene as the main product besides 4,4'-dicarboxyazoxybenzene and a nitrone acid. This reaction was kinetically studied in presence of excess of alkali in different dioxane-water media at different temperatures. It started by a fast reversible a-proton abstraction step followed by two consecutive irreversible first-order steps forming two intermediates (α -hydroxy, 4-nitrosobenzylthio)-acetic acid and 4-nitrosobenzaldehyde. The latter underwent a Cannizzaro's reaction, the products of which changed in the reaction medium into 4,4'-diformylazoxybenzene and 4,4'-dicarboxyazoxybenzene. The rate constants and the thermodynamic parameters of the two consecutive steps were calculated and discussed. A mechanism was put forward for the formation of the nitrone acid.Other six 4-nitrobenzyl, aryl sulphides were qualitatively studied and they gave mainly 4,4'-diformylazoxybenzene beside 4,4'-dicarboxyazoxybenzene or its corresponding azo acid.

Download Full-text

Karyotypes and Distribution of Tandem Repeat Sequences in Brassica nigra Determined by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization

Cytogenetic and Genome Research ◽

10.1159/000479179 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 152 (3) ◽

pp. 158-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gui-xiang Wang ◽

Qun-yan He ◽

Jiri Macas ◽

Petr Novák ◽

Pavel Neumann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Situ Hybridization ◽

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization ◽

Fluorescence Intensity ◽

Tandem Repeat ◽

Brassica Nigra ◽

Metaphase Chromosomes ◽

Repeat Sequences ◽

Tandem Repeat Sequences ◽

Black Mustard

Whole-genome shotgun reads were analyzed to determine the repeat sequence composition in the genome of black mustard, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. The analysis showed that satellite DNA sequences are very abundant in the black mustard genome. The distribution pattern of 7 new tandem repeats (BnSAT13, BnSAT28, BnSAT68, BnSAT76, BnSAT114, BnSAT180, and BnSAT200) on black mustard chromosomes was visualized using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The FISH signals of BnSAT13 and BnSAT76 provided useful cytogenetic markers; their position and fluorescence intensity allowed for unambiguous identification of all 8 somatic metaphase chromosomes. A karyotype showing the location and fluorescence intensity of these tandem repeat sequences together with the position of rDNAs and centromeric retrotransposons of Brassica (CRB) was constructed. The establishment of the FISH-based karyotype in B. nigra provides valuable information that can be used in detailed analyses of B. nigra accessions and derived allopolyploid Brassica species containing the B genome.

Download Full-text