A fractal approach to the relationship between ore grade and tonnage

1986 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1528-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Turcotte
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ore Grade

scholarly journals Historical, Current, and Future Energy Demand from Global Copper Production and Its Impact on Climate Change

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Rötzer ◽  
Mario Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Cumulative Energy Demand ◽  
Future Supply ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Copper Availability ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ore Grade

Copper has always played an important role in human development. Demand for copper is going to rise, which makes its future supply a key issue for society. However, the oft-discussed declining ore grade and, therefore, the assumed enormous increase in energy demand and global warming potential could lead to a supply constraint. To develop suitable strategies to ensure copper availability, it is important to better understand the relationship between energy and ore grade and also its development. Therefore, in this paper we describe the development of the cumulative energy demand of copper production over the last eight decades and give an outlook into the future using a holistic process-based modelling approach. We also discuss how technological progress has thus far been able to offset the decreasing ore grade. However, if geological factors are becoming less favorable, technological improvements such as renewable energies are vital to keep this trend going.

Infrastructural Fractals: Revisiting the Micro—Macro Distinction in Social Theory

10.1068/d420t ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casper B Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Critical Social Theory ◽  
The Political ◽  
Electronic Patient Records ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Social Theorist ◽  
Danish Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the supposedly small—the micro—and the supposedly large—the macro—has been a long-standing concern in social theory. However, although many attempts have been made to link these two seemingly disjoint dimensions, in the present paper I argue against such an endeavour. Instead, I outline a fractal approach to the study of space, society, and infrastructure. A fractal orientation requires a number of related conceptual reorientations. It has implications for thinking about scale and perspective, and (sociotechnical) relations, and for considering the role of the social theorist in analyzing such relations. I find empirical illustration in the case of the development of electronic patient records in Danish health care. The role of the social theorist is explored through a comparison of the political and normative stance enabled, respectively, by a critical social theory and a fractal social theory.

Relationship between Fractal Dimension and Structure of Nonwovens

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 1176-1179
Author(s):  
Shu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Pore Characteristics ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

The structures of nonwovens are so nonlinear and out-of-order that traditional methods can hardly measure it. There exist several basic parameters to characterize it, such as thickness, grammage, average density and pore characteristics etc.. It is necessary to find one integrated parameter to characterize nonwovens, and fractal approach seems to be a useful tool. In this paper, the fractal dimension is implemented to describe the structure of nonwovens. And then the relationship between the fractal dimension and several basic structural parameters are built up.

Fractal Geometry in Metallurgy of Welding and Coatings

2017 ◽  
Vol 893 ◽  
pp. 252-256
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Krivonosova ◽  
Ekaterina K. Krivonosova ◽  
Dmitriy Trushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam Welding ◽  
Microarc Oxidation ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Structure Morphology ◽  
Structure Of Metal ◽  
Structure Of Coatings ◽  
Relationship Structure ◽  
Heat Resistant Steels ◽  
The Relationship

Application of new methods for the description of structure of metals and alloys, the identification of new quantitative structure-morphology tours are especially important to establish the relationship "structure - property" and predicting the properties of weld metal on the basis of mathematical modeling. In our work we applied a fractal approach to the analysis of following objects: structure of metal during welding, fatigue fracture surface of metal of welded joints, structure of coatings in microarc oxidation, macrostructure of the heat-resistant steels during electron beam welding

A Fractal Approach to Adsorption on Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces. 1. The Relationship between Geometric and Energetic Surface Heterogeneities

2001 ◽  
Vol 105 (44) ◽  
pp. 10847-10856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wladyslaw Rudzinski ◽  
Shyi-Long Lee ◽  
Ching-Cher Sanders Yan ◽  
Tomasz Panczyk
Keyword(s):  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Heterogeneous Solid

scholarly journals Simulation of the mineral breakage using a fractal approach

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Carlos Silva ◽  
Américo Tristão Bernardes ◽  
José Aurélio Medeiros da Luz
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Regular Lattice ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fragmentation Processes ◽  
Fracture Processes

Hukki's law is an empirical law, which does not take into account several events of energy loss during the mineral fragmentation processes. Since experimental results are very difficult to obtain for a large range of fragment sizes, the verification of the law is very difficult. The relation between the fracture and fragmentation processes with fractal geometry has been proposed some decades ago. Empirical laws along this context show basic features of fractal geometry, mainly self-affinity and the power law behavior. Thus, in this paper, a model to simulate the fragmentation process and to check the relationship between energy consumption and fragment sizes was developed. The model is represented on a regular lattice where links represent pathways for fracture processes. The energy of fragmentation events was modeled by a probability distribution function. In the proposed model there is no mass loss and the fracture propagation occurs as self-avoiding random walks on the regular lattice.

scholarly journals Fragment of a central-type large structure located in southern Uganda and its metallogenic value

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
P. A. Ignatov ◽  
A. A. Ivanov ◽  
A. V. Abramov ◽  
J. Kasigwa
Keyword(s):  
Type Structure ◽  
Large Structure ◽  
Rare Metals ◽  
Central Type ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ore Grade

For the southern regions of Uganda, the metallogenic value of the regional arc belt of dikes of the main and ultrabasic composition was considered. It is shown that it is part of the arc sector of a large central-type structure with a diameter of about 700 km. It had a long development in the Riphean sequence of tectono-magmatic activation. This structure was formed over 1,37 billion years ago and reformed approximately 1 billion years ago and at the end of the Riphean sequence (0,5—0,6 billion years ago).This structure includes all major deposits of Sn, W, Na, Nb, Ni, REE and Au in Burundi, Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. In Uganda, the Sn, W and rare metals fields are controlled by small intrusions of granite with an age of 1 billion years and crossing nodes of radial faults, which are the central-type structures of small order that are included in the central part of the allocated megastructure. Materials in the relationship of ore-grade gold mineralisation with the crossing nodes of large arc, radial and overfault-shift faults are given.

The Relationship between Fractal Properties and Active Porosity of Peat Compositions

2020 ◽  
Vol 836 ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
A.V. Mikhailov ◽  
Oyun Z. Garmaev ◽  
Aleksander S. Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Fractal Approach ◽  
Dimension Analysis ◽  
Fractal Properties ◽  
Fractal Dimension Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents the fractal approach to the study of the five peat structure samples. Digital images from natural porous raw peat, intended for fractal studies of the porosity, are proposed. Peat active porosity is used in this study. In this study, the peat active porosity, fractal dimension (D), and their relationship with different peat samples were investigated in an experiment. The results of this study demonstrate that a fractal dimension analysis of peat compositions texture is a useful method for the quantitative description of the active porosity. The received results should be considered in the theoretical and pilot studies connected with physicomechanical processes occurring on the porous surfaces of peat raw materials during its mechanical processing.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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