International trade distributions and their relation with random fragmentation processes

A study of the distribution of the value of traded goods under the Harmonized System is presented. The ramifications of this classification system are found to exhibit an approximate power law decay, indicating complexity and self-organization in the nomenclature of traded merchandises. For almost all countries with available data, log-values of annually imported and exported goods are well described by three-parameter Weibull distributions. This distribution commonly appears in particles size distributions, suggesting a connection between random fragmentation processes and the mechanisms behind the international trade of merchandises. Analysis of the resulting values for the fitting parameters from 1995 to 2018 shows a nearly constant linear relationship between the parameters of the Weibull distributions, so that, for each country, the distribution of log-values can be approximately characterized by a single shape parameter [Formula: see text]. The empirical findings of this paper suggest that specialization on trading a constant set of goods prevents the values of all traded merchandises from growing/decreasing simultaneously.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Endangered Astragalus exscapus subsp. transsilvanicus through DNA-Based Molecular Markers

Astragalus exscapus L. subsp. transsilvanicus (Schur) Nyár. (Fabaceae) is a rare plant endemic to the Transylvanian Plateau, represented by 24 identified populations. Limited information on the genetic variation and population structure is available, which obstructs efficient measures for conservation strategy. The present study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of eight populations of A. exscapus subsp. transsilvanicus revealed by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. A total of 164 bands were amplified, 96.7% of which (159) were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity index (He) was estimated to be 0.228 at the population level and 0.272 at the subspecies level. The genetic differentiation among populations (Gst) was 0.165, which indicated a low proportion of total genetic diversity. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 17% of the total variation of A. exscapus subsp. transsilvanicus is found among the populations, while 83% was found within the populations. A UPGMA dendrogram, principal coordinate analysis, and the STRUCTURE software grouped the populations into two clusters uncorrelated with the provenience of the 125 individuals, which might be attributed to fragmentation processes, insect pollination, population size, and specific environmental conditions of the habitats.

Fragmentations with self-similar branching speeds

We consider fragmentation processes with values in the space of marked partitions of $\mathbb{N}$, i.e. partitions where each block is decorated with a nonnegative real number. Assuming that the marks on distinct blocks evolve as independent positive self-similar Markov processes and determine the speed at which their blocks fragment, we get a natural generalization of the self-similar fragmentations of Bertoin (Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Prob. Statist.38, 2002). Our main result is the characterization of these generalized fragmentation processes: a Lévy–Khinchin representation is obtained, using techniques from positive self-similar Markov processes and from classical fragmentation processes. We then give sufficient conditions for their absorption in finite time to a frozen state, and for the genealogical tree of the process to have finite total length.

Description of (Hyper-)Fragments in Hadron-Induced Reactions

In this article we review the important role of non-equilibrium dynamics in reactions induced by ions and hadron beams to understand the fragmentation processes inside hadronic media. We discuss the single-particle dynamics in specific sources such as spectators in heavy-ion collisions and residual nuclear targets in hadron-induced reactions. Particular attention is given to the dynamics of hyperons. We further discuss the question regarding the onset of local instabilities, which are relevant for the appearance of fragmentation phenomena in nuclear reactions. We apply the theoretical formalism, that is, semi-classical transport embedded with statistical methods of nuclear fragmentation, to reactions induced by light ions and hadron beams. We discuss the results of nuclear fragmentation and, in particular, examine the formation of hypernuclei. Such studies are important for obtaining a deeper understanding of the equation of state in fragmenting matter and are relevant for forthcoming experiments, such as PANDA at FAIR and J-PARC in Japan.

A TRIPLICIDADE DO ESPAÇO E DAS PRÁTICAS COTIDIANAS DE MOBILIDADE PARA O ESTUDO DA FRAGMENTAÇÃO SOCIOESPACIAL

O presente artigo pretende demostrar a relevância de um conceito amplo de mobilidade cotidiana para o estudo dos processos de fragmentação socioespacial no contexto urbano. Para este propósito, a ideia lefebvriana de triplicidade do espaço permite propor uma visão ampla da mobilidade cotidiana, desde as estruturas e infraestruturas e modelos de mobilidade, até as práticas individuais, que se articulam com a análise dos processos de fragmentação socioespacial. A mobilidade, instrumento de fragmentação, de alienação e de exclusão, pode também revelar seu potencial de resistência contra o poder hegemônico. A partir de um conjunto de dados coletados, de experiências e pesquisas realizadas ao longo de dez anos no tema da mobilidade, a presente proposta trará principalmente o contexto brasileiro para sustentar o argumento principal.Palavras-Chave: Mobilidade cotidiana; Fragmentação socioespacial; Triplicidade do espaço; Práticas espaciais; Cotidiano. THE TRIPLICITY OF SPACE AND EVERYDAY MOBILITY FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIOSPATIAL FRAGMENTATION Abstract: This article aims to discuss the relevance of a broad concept of daily mobility by studying socio-spatial fragmentation processes in urban contexts. For this purpose, we applied the Lefebvrian idea regarding the triplicity of space. This concept allows us to propose a substantial vision of daily mobility from structures, infrastructures, and models. Additionally, it also provides an understanding of individual practices who articulate themselves with the analysis of socio-spatial fragmentation. The mobility can be interpreted as an instrument of fragmentation, alienation, and exclusion; however, it could also reveal its potential for resistance against hegemonic powers. Based on a compilation of data on the mobility question, from previous research and experiences collected through ten years, the current article is based on the Brazilian context to support our main argument.Keywords: Daily Mobility; Socio-spatial fragmentation; Triplicity of space; Spatial practices; Everyday life. LA TRIPLICITÉ DE L’ESPACE ET LA MOBILITÉ QUOTIDIENNE POUR L’ÉTUDE DE LA FRAGMENTATION SOCIO-SPATIALE Résumé: Cet article prétend démontrer la pertinence d’un concept ample de mobilité quotidienne pour l’analyse des processus de fragmentation socio-spatiale dans le contexte urbain. Pour ce faire, l’idée lefebvrienne de triplicité de l’espace permet de proposer une vision ample de la mobilité quotidienne, que ce soit à partir des structures, infrastructures et modèles de mobilité, ou en termes de pratiques individuelles, qui s’articulent avec l’analyse des processus de fragmentation socio-spatiale. La mobilité, instrument de fragmentation, d’aliénation et d’exclusion, peut également révéler son potentiel de résistance contre le pouvoir hégémonique. À partir d’un ensemble de données collectées, d’expériences et de recherches réalisées au long des dix dernières années dans le thème de la mobilité, la proposition, ici, se basera principalement sur le contexte brésilien pour soutenir l’argument principal.Mots-clés: Mobilité quotidienne ; Fragmentation socio-spatiale ; Triplicité de l’espace ; Pratiques spatiales ; Quotidien.

Tracing the acid-base catalytic properties of MON2O mixed oxides (M = Be, Mg, Ca; N = Li, Na, K) by theoretical calculations

The stability and acid-base properties of MON2O mixed oxides (where M = Be, Mg, Ca; N = Li, Na, K) are studied by using ab initio methods. It is demonstrated that (i) the basicity of such designed systems evaluated by estimation of electronic proton affinity and gas-phase basicity (defined as the electronic and Gibbs free energies of deprotonation processes for [MON2O]H+) were found significant (in the ranges of 272–333 and 260–322 kcal/mol, respectively); (ii) in each series of MOLi2O/MONa2O/MOK2O, the basicity increases with an increase of the atomic number of alkali metal involved; (ii) the Lewis acidity of the corresponding [MON2O]H+ determined with respect to hydride anion (assessed as the electronic and Gibbs free energies of H− detachment processes for [MON2O]H2) decreases as the basicity of the corresponding oxide increases. The thermodynamic stability of all [MON2O]H2 systems is confirmed by estimating the Gibbs free energies for the fragmentation processes yielding either H2 or H2O.

Commentary on morphometric map of characteristic features of relief surface cones of right arms of Khur

The article discusses the fragmentation processes and features in the areas where the right tributary of the Kura River collapses. For the study, ArcGis software mapped the area horizontally and vertically at a scale of 1: 750 000, and morphometric indicators were analyzed in units of quantity. According to the indicators, the plain area is grouped into weak, medium, moderate and high, taking into account the plainness as the main factor. Key words: ArcGis, horizontal splitting, vertical splitting, bringing cone, morphometric indicato

Tracing The Acid-Base Catalytic Properties Of MON2O Mixed Oxides (M=Be, Mg, Ca; N=Li, Na, K) By Theoretical Calculations

The stability and acid-base properties of MON2O mixed oxides (where M = Be, Mg, Ca; N = Li, Na, K) are studied by using ab initio methods. It is demonstrated that (i) the basicity of such designed systems evaluated by estimation of electronic proton affinity and gas-phase basicity (defined as the electronic and Gibbs free energies of deprotonation processes for [MON2O]H+) were found significant (in the ranges of 272–333 kcal/mol and 260–322 kcal/mol, respectively); (ii) in each series of MOLi2O/MONa2O/MOK2O the basicity increases with an increase of the atomic number of alkali metal involved; (ii) the Lewis-acidity of the corresponding [MON2O]H+ determined with respect to hydride anion (assessed as the electronic and Gibbs free energies of H− detachment processes for [MON2O]H2) decreases as the basicity of the corresponding oxide increases. The thermodynamic stability of all [MON2O]H2 systems is confirmed by estimating the Gibbs free energies for the fragmentation processes yielding either H2 or H2O.